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Conducting Polymer-Based Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Conducting Polymers, 2022
Murugan Prasathkumar, Chenthamara Dhrisya, Salim Anisha, Robert Becky, Subramaniam Sadhasivam
The process of wound healing is complex and involves various stages such as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The application of wound dressing facilitates maintaining moist conditions, promotes speedy re-epithelization and recovery. Advanced material formulation viz., films, foams, hydrogels, hydrocolloids, and hydrofibers were used to promote wound healing. Natural polymers, such as chitosan, fibrin, elastin, gelatin, and synthetic polymers (PCL and PLA), were generally used to fulfill the material fabrication. In current years, CPs are widely used as wound dressing materials and enable faster recovery due to their electrochemical properties [13]. The integration of CPs into wound dressing enables improved antibacterial activity and aids the controlled release of drugs.
Production and Utilization of Nanofibers as Promising Biomaterials
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Rodney J. Y. Ho, Jagat R. Kanwar, NanoBioMaterials, 2018
Yaser Dahman, Valdir Mota, Yan Xuan, Simon Nagy, Sumant Saini, Jasleen Kaur, Bilal Khan
Wound healing is a way to repair damaged tissues. When the tissue is in the process of recovery, the dressings will protect the wound from invasion by the bacteria, and therefore accelerate wound healing. The best materials for wound dressing should have the following properties: being able to maintain a moist environment, infection resistant, good permeability, and ability to absorb wound exudate, etc. (Chen et al., 2017). With the increasing awareness of environmental protection in recent years, the first priority in the development of the dressing materials is to be environment friendly. In addition to aforementioned advantages, the materials should be easily recyclable or biodegradable. Currently a variety of materials are widely used for wound dressings, however the most notable one is nanofibers, as they are affordable, creatable and biocompatible. In addition, they can be prepared into an equal-dimension nanounit; therefore, they are widely used in the biomedical area (Li et al., 2017).
Misadventures in General Surgery
Published in Marilyn Sue Bogner, Misadventures in Health Care, 2003
Surgeons know that poor wound healing and infection are common complications following surgery. Patient factors such as poor appetite, weight loss, smoking, drug abuse, and anemia (low blood count) are important conditions that impair the body’s ability to heal and that leave the patient susceptible to infection (Sabiston & Lyerly, 1997). This means that even the correct diagnosis and a flawless operation can result in serious complications to the patient if tissues do not heal and the ever-present bacteria in our environment overwhelm the body’s natural defenses. Although surgeons have some tools at their disposal such as blood transfusion and intravenous nutrition to help fortify a weakened patient, these avenues are not always appropriate or timely. Ultimately, it is the patient’s own body that has to heal and recover from surgery. In Jim’s case, his poor nutrition from lack of eating, his previous irregular heartbeat, as well as his smoking habit and lack of exercise, were established conditions that predisposed him to complications—conditions that were unalterable in the short term and that Drs. Smith and Holmes had to accept as part of the risk of treatment.
Quaternary ammonium salt-modified isabgol scaffold as an antibacterial dressing to improve wound healing
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Vasudha T. K., Anand Kumar Patel, Vignesh Muthuvijayan
Wound healing is an orderly progression of biological and molecular events that occurs in roughly four stages, viz., hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling stages. In the hemostasis phase, platelets arrive at the wound site and clot formation occurs to cover the wound and ward-off bacteria. In the inflammation stage, wound debridement action is performed by macrophages and neutrophils that are recruited to the wound site. These inflammatory cells remove cell debris and bacteria at the wound site. The proliferation stage is characterized by the formation of extracellular matrix proteins, angiogenesis, wound contraction, and keratinocyte migration. In the remodeling phase, collagen fibers deposited in the proliferative phase are aligned in an orderly fashion to increase the tensile strength of the newly formed tissue [1]. Infection is one of the leading causes of impaired wound healing. Infection results in prolonged inflammation where inflammatory cells accumulate at the wound site and release inflammatory cytokines. This triggers the secretion of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that destroy the wound healing process. Additionally, production of factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is also affected. Under these conditions, the transition from the inflammatory to proliferative stage does not occur, preventing the formation of new healthy tissue. It is, therefore, crucial to prevent infection at the wound site [1–3].
Self-assisted wound healing using piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Fu-Cheng Kao, Hsin-Hsuan Ho, Ping-Yeh Chiu, Ming-Kai Hsieh, Jen‐Chung Liao, Po-Liang Lai, Yu-Fen Huang, Min-Yan Dong, Tsung-Ting Tsai, Zong-Hong Lin
In the case of poor wound healing, wound infection is the major concern. In this context, Du et al. [101] proposed a drug-loaded TENG patch with a surface-engineered electrode possessing Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) in 2021. The drug-loaded TENG was designed as an arch-shaped patch composed of PTFE (electronegative) and Mg–Al LDH@Al film (electropositive) as the electrode and minocycline container (Figure 8(c)). An alternating current was induced via contact and separation between the two fabric materials by an external force. Electrical stimulation was found to help wound healing and promote the Mg-Al LDH@Al to release loaded minocycline when the electrode came into contact with the serum fluid. In an in vitro study, almost 100% wipeout of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was found 24 h after application of this surface-engineered TENG patch. Elevated fibroblast proliferation and migration was also observed. In the in vivo component of that study, full-thickness skin wounds infected with S. aureus were created on the backs of mice. An AC voltage of 0.5–4.5 V and a current of 5–40 nA were collected from the mouse motions via the surface-engineered TENG device. The antibacterial efficacy (96.7% inhibition) and rapid wound healing process both yielded exceptional results compared to the untreated control group (Figure 8(d)). This further realization of medication-containing surface-engineered TENG devices has established a new application route in the field of biomedicine.
Culture of pyramidal neural precursors, neural stem cells, and fibroblasts on various biomaterials
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Mo Li, Ying Wang, Jidi Zhang, Zheng Cao, Shuo Wang, Wei Zheng, Qian Li, Tianqi Zheng, Xiumei Wang, Qunyuan Xu, Zhiguo Chen
Fibroblasts are easy to expand in vitro, and can be applied as autologous donor grafts in a wide specturm of clinical applications, for example, treatment of skin burns [31]. Securing fibroblast grafts in position with degradable biomaterials would facilitate treatment of a large area of skin burn. Fibroblasts are the key compoments of the connective tissues and have a good adhesive ability and natually produce ECM molecules, such as collagen [32]. These may underlie the observation that fibroblasts generally grew better on the tested materials than did pyramidal precursors and NSCs. Fibroblasts grew in a directional pattern on aligned fibrin and a scattered pattern on alveolate collagen. Fibrin and collagen could support the growth of fibroblasts in vitro for more than 2 weeks. Both fibrin and collagen are bio-compatible materials and can be GMP-manufactured. Skin wound healing process normally takes 2–4 weeks [32]. It would be ideal for the biomaterial that serves as a scaffold for fibroblasts to degrade and be obsorbed after the “mission” is accomplished. Fibrin and collagen seem to meet this criteria and could be chosen depending on whether graft alignment is desired; in vivo engraftment experiments would be needed to confirm this.