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Optical and Structural Properties of Biological Tissues under Simulated Diabetes Mellitus Conditions
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Daria K. Tuchina, Alla B. Bucharskaya, Polina A. Dyachenko (Timoshina), Nataliya I. Dikht, Georgy S. Terentyuk, Valery V. Tuchin
Currently, to assess protein glycation in the body as a stable and accurate biomarker, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is clinically used to diagnose diabetes with a threshold of 6.5% of total hemoglobin. Since the lifespan of erythrocytes is about 120 days, HbA1c reflects the average glucose concentration increase over the previous 8–12 weeks. However, time-resolved absorption spectroscopy can differentiate the HbA1c fraction within a single erythrocyte and quantify it by phasor analysis and thus can detect the effect of erythrocyte lifespan on its glycation [22]. Plasma AGEs are also proposed as markers of glycemia, and their possible role in the development of complications of DM is studied [23]. However, to assess the pathological complications of glycemia, assessing the degree of protein glycation directly in biological tissues and organs is recommended. Thus, assessing the degree of glycation of tissues of vital organs should provide information about the course of the disease throughout a person’s life, not just at an interval of 120 days.
Artificial Intelligence
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
In many cases, the primary objective of a machine learning algorithm is to predict a value or diagnose a condition based upon an input. Biomedical examples abound: Can one diagnose whether a patient has lung cancer based upon an immunofluorescent studies of cells captured from the blood?Can one diagnose whether a patient has diabetes by measuring glycated hemoglobin levels in the blood?Can one predict whether a patient will have a heart attack in the next month based upon a combination of EKG, age, body mass index, tobacco smoking status, family history, and measurements of troponin in the blood?
Innovations in Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurements
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
Lectins are proteins that have specific binding activity toward the carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids such as those found on cell surface membranes. On example of a glycated protein is HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin (Hb) in erythrocytes), an indicator of present and past blood glucose levels. Over 300 lectins have been identified in a variety of species, ranging from viruses and bacteria to plants and animals. The lectin sugar-binding proteins can be classified into five groups according to the monosaccharide to which they have the highest affinity: (1) Mannose; (2) Galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine; (3) N-acetylglucosamine; (4) Fucose; and (5) Sialic acid. “These proteins, which function as recognition molecules in cell–molecule and cell–cell interactions, have been implicated in a number of essential biological processes including cell proliferation, cell arrest, apoptosis, tumor cell metastasis, leukocyte homing and trafficking, and especially microbial (viral and bacterial) infection” (Hu and Wong 2009).
Effects of exercise training on glycaemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Antonio García-Hermoso, Yasmin Ezzatvar, Nidia Huerta-Uribe, Alicia M. Alonso-Martínez, Maria J. Chueca-Guindulain, Sara Berrade-Zubiri, Mikel Izquierdo, Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Compared with the control group, structured exercise interventions were associated with significant moderate reductions in HbA1c (Hedge’s g = –0.38 95% CI, –0.66 to –0.11, p = 0.009; I2 = 55.41%) (Figure 2), corresponding to a mean difference of –0.62% (Supplementary Figure 1). Cochran’s Q statistic for statistical heterogeneity was 31.40 (p = 0.005). Asymmetry suggestive of small-study effects was observed for HbA1c (LFK index = 2.56) (Supplementary Figure 2).