Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Revolutionary Approaches of Induced Stem Cells in Disease Prevention
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited red blood cell disorder caused by a single point mutation in the β-globin gene of hemoglobin. The creation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines by gene targeting and replacement therapy repairs gene defects in hematopoietic progenitors. And the resulting progenitors produced normal red blood cells and cured the disease (Hanna et al., 2007). Cord blood is a suitable source of iPSCs due to its accessibility and minor genetic alterations (Giorgetti et al., 2009; Takenaka et al., 2009). Peripheral blood is another important source of iPSCs for instance; T-lymphocytes can be transformed into iPSCs using transient expression methods (Okita et al., 2013). This protocol can now be applied to many other diseases for which treatment or medicine.
Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Hemoglobin is not only involved in transport of oxygen but also helps in transport of gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) [70]. Carbon monoxide binds more strongly to hemoglobin and forms carboxyhemoglobin which does not dissociate readily and is the source of carbon monoxide poisoning [71]. Nitric oxide combines with deoxygenated hemoglobin to form methemoglobin wherein the iron ion has +3 charge, Fe3+, and releases nitrate ions. Hemoglobin is regenerated back from methemoglobin by various mechanisms. Nearly 1% of hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin on daily basis. Serious conditions like methemoglobinemia results on ingestion nitorbenzenes and nitrites, enzyme deficiencies of as methemoglobin reductase or diaphorases, and abnormal hemoglobins (HbM). In such conditions, nearly 1/4th of hemoglobin becomes non-functional [70, 71]. Mild methemoglobinemia does not require treatment. Ascorbic acid and methylene can be used to treat the conditions [73].
Toxic Responses of the Blood
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein of the red blood cells. The globin, or protein chains, has irregularly folded conformations that enclose the heme group in a hydrophobic pocket that forms the oxygen binding site. The active site of the heme group is a Fe2+ ion situated in a porphyrin ring. Of the two remaining coordination bonds, one is associated with an imidazole residue from the globin chain and the remaining bond is available for reversible binding with oxygen. No ligand is known to occupy this latter site in the case of deoxyhemoglobin. The reversible binding of oxygen by hemoglobin is called oxygenation. Four oxygen molecules bind to a hemoglobin. When the hemoglobin molecule is fully saturated, all four oxygen molecules are thought to be equivalent, and any one of them may be the first to be released. The release of the first oxygen, however, will greatly facilitate the release of the second oxygen molecule. In the same manner, the release of the second oxygen facilitates the release of the third oxygen. Release of the fourth oxygen does not occur under normal physiologic conditions.
Anemia in Children from the Caribbean Region of Colombia: An Econometric Analysis
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2023
Lina Moyano Tamara, Paula Espitia, Ana Mora
Anemia is a disease that occurs when the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is lower than necessary to meet the oxygen transport requirements in the body. The factor contributing the most to the onset of anemia is iron deficiency. Among those individuals who are anemic, iron deficiency anemia represents at least 50% of anemia cases3,4; thus, this pathology is directly related to the lack of this micronutrient as a result of a poor and non-diversified diet.3 Moreover, anemia can also result from parasitic infections, deficiencies of other micronutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folic acid, chronic and hereditary diseases.5 The disease may occur at any stage of the human life cycle; however, it is more prevalent during pregnancy and in children under five years old because it is precisely during these periods that the biological requirements for iron are higher. In addition, the late introduction of complementary feeding (over 26 weeks) reduced the extent of breastfeeding, and this plus inadequate intake of iron-rich foods are factors that have been linked to the development of anemia in children under five years.6
A Novel Design of Epidermal Flexible Antenna on Supraorbital Nerve to Correlate Diabetes and Anemia
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Kannagi V, A Jawahar, Vijay Nath
Diabetic people have minimal or no insulin secretion from beta cells of the pancreas. The hormone insulin from the pancreas facilitates the liver and muscles to use glucose for energy. Insulin deficiency increases the blood glucose level, known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes is classified as type I and type II diabetes depending on insulin secretion. In type I diabetes, insulin secretion from the pancreas stops completely. This makes cells unable to process blood glucose and causes hyperglycemia. In type II diabetes, the cells do not respond to insulin secreted from the pancreas. The pancreas stops secreting insulin after prolonged diabetes. Left untreated, diabetes can cause blindness, anemia, and renal failure. Anemia reduces the levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin to lower their normal values in the blood.
A new pricing mechanism for pharmaceutical supply chains: a game theory analytical approach for healthcare service
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2022
Amirhossein Mostofi, Vipul Jain, Yi Mei, Lyes Benyoucef
This section implements the proposed methodology for pricing a licensed medication to treat thalassemia patients in Iran. Thalassemia is caused by low alpha and beta proteins in red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the component of red blood cells that carries oxygen and produces alpha and beta proteins throughout the body. In thalassemia patients, hemoglobin is not able to produce these proteins sufficiently. The patients are categorised into several classes based on the deficiency of each protein and its severity. Thalassemia is not fully curable, and the prescribed medications only reduce the symptoms and prevent disease progression. Therefore, these patients live with the disease for the rest of their lives. The best treatment for this disease is blood transfusions, but the adverse effect of this treatment is a transfusion-induced iron overload in the patient’s body (since there is no way to remove iron from the body), as a result, thalassemia patients must take medication to reduce the iron levels in their blood. Jadenu® (deferasirox) is one of the newly developed medicines for this purpose and is produced under the license of Novartis. Strict and rigorous quality control tests in line with FDA standards, including stability tests, have confirmed that Jadenu® performs better than existing medicines such as Exjude®. Therefore, Iran’s FDA has granted the exclusive license to manufacture and supply the medicine in the country, and a local company licensed by Novartis seeks to manufacture the medicine.