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Optics in Digital Still Cameras
Published in Junichi Nakamura, Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras, 2017
Glass with an ultrahigh refractive index has in the past presented problems such as deterioration in its spectral transmission characteristics when exposed to strong sunlight (solarization) and staining. However, dramatic improvements in quality have occurred in recent years and it is already used in some compact DSCs to give them a refractive index of more than 2.0. The use of new materials of this sort provides greater benefits for electronic imaging devices such as DSCs than for film cameras. For instance, staining in glass materials is less of a problem for DSCs because, as long as the spectral transmission characteristics do not change over time, even a little staining from the outset can be corrected by electronically setting the white balance.
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Published in Toru Yoshizawa, Handbook of Optical Metrology, 2015
With ordinary optical glasses, with wavelength less than about 350 nm, transmissivity is reduced and cannot be used for long. Therefore in the ultraviolet region, as materials for lens and prisms, silica glass (quartz), Al2O3 (sapphire), CaF2 (fluorite), halide such as MgF2, and LiF are used. The shortest wavelength of these materials in the transparent region is about 160, 150, 125, 115, and 105 nm, respectively. Due care should be given, if a strong ultraviolet light is irradiated to silica glass or LiF because defects such as color center are generated, thereby reducing the transmissivity (solarization). Performances of silica glass have improved; LiF exhibits a slight deliquescence.
Bulk Glasses
Published in Marvin J. Weber, and TECHNOLOGY, 2020
One purpose of the CeO2 in this glass is to prevent “solarization” or darkening of the glass when exposed to the intense pump light. However, the cerium absorption blocks the 360-nm absorption band of the Nd3+ ion. A common modification of this glass is the replacement of the CeO2 with a combination of TiO2 and Sb2O3. This combination is as effective as the CeO2 at preventing solarization but does not block the 360-nm Nd3+ pump band. The commercial laser glasses LG-670 and LG-680 are CeO2- and TiO2-doped Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses.
Identification and evaluation of volatile organic compounds evolved during solarization with almond hull and shell amendments
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Emily Shea, Jesus D. Fernandez-Bayo, Ana M. Pastrana, Christopher W. Simmons
Non-solarized soils had very low compound richness, diversity, and overall peak area. Previous studies have noted that VOC levels are low at the time of amendment, as VOCs need to diffuse through the soils, a process which takes 1 week to 10 days (Estupiñan-López et al. 2017; Grimme et al. 2007). This coincides with the timing in both the current and previous biosolarization research, in which the treatment disinfested weeds in 8 days (Achmon et al. 2017). The high heat from solarization in addition to time can stimulate degradation and increase volatile emissions (Gamliel and Stapleton 1993; Malkina et al. 2011; Terra et al. 2017).