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Clean and Green Energy Fundamentals
Published in Krishan Arora, Suman Lata Tripathi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Smart Electrical Grid System, 2023
J. Dhanaselvam, V. Rukkumani, T. Chinnadurai, K. Saravanakumar, M. Karthigai Pandian
Solar energy is the most promising energy resource among all because it is inexhaustible in nature. Only one percentage of solar energy is being utilized, and it is more than enough to power the world. Usually, this energy is converted into either heat energy or electrical energy [6]. The sun has a surface temperature of 5,600°C, and the core temperature is 15,000,000°C. Out of all the renewable energy sources, the energy from the sun is considered as the mass potential energy [7]. The principle of generating electricity from the sun is the photovoltaic effect. Silicon-based solar cells are the mostly used for converting solar energy into electricity when more photons are observed by the material. The other materials used for making solar cells are Si, GaAs, and CdS [8]. Recently, some advanced solar cells such as dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, polymer solar cells, and quantum dot solar cells have been used to tap more energy efficiently [9]. A simplified stand-alone photovoltaic system is shown in Figure 5.2.
Climatic factors affecting plants
Published in Stephen R. Gliessman, V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, Andrew Gerlicz, Agroecology, 2023
Stephen R. Gliessman, V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, Andrew Gerlicz
Weather and climate are driven by the energy coming from the sun. The sun’s energy heats different parts of the earth’s surface differently depending on the angle at which solar radiation strikes the surface and whether the surface is land or ocean. This differential heating causes movement of the air making up the atmosphere, which contains large amounts of water vapor that have evaporated from the surface of the oceans, other bodies of water, and the land. Air masses of different temperatures containing different quantities of water vapor thus move over the earth’s surface, further modifying the absorption of the sun’s energy. At the same time, the earth’s rotation around its axis—which causes the earth’s surface to move faster at the equator than near the poles—exerts a profound effect not only on atmospheric movement but also on circulation of water in the oceans. These ocean currents combine with global-scale circulation of the atmosphere to cause variation in the temperature and water vapor content of the atmosphere across different localities.
The Sun & The Earth
Published in Robert K. McMordie, Mitchel C. Brown, Robert S. Stoughton, Solar Energy Fundamentals, 2021
Robert K. McMordie, Mitchel C. Brown, Robert S. Stoughton
The diameter of the Earth is about 7900 miles, and the distance around the Earth at the equator is about 24000 miles. The distance from the Earth to the sun is shown in Figure 3-1 and is about the same distance as travelling around the Earth at the equator 3800 times. It takes light, travelling at 186,000 miles per second, over eight minutes to span the distance from the sun to the Earth.
Simulation Study to Evaluate the Hybrid Photovoltaic - Thermoelectric Energy Generation System with Heat Recovery Mechanism
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Muhammad Suleman Malik, Muhammad Naeem Arbab, Muhammad Omer Khan, Muhammad Arsalan Malik, Muhammad Usman Asghar
Nowadays electricity is a basic need of human life. Owning to the environmental and economic conditions, different renewable energy sources are gaining popularity as compared to the conventional energy sources. Recent advancements in renewable energy technologies have made us able to utilize solar energy as an ideal renewable energy source. Sun generates enormous amount of heat by nuclear fusion reaction in which hydrogen is used as a fuel. This fact was highlighted by Hans Bathe in 1930s (Dickinson and Cheremisinoff 2018) (Malik 2020). Solar energy is renewable, clean, green and does not pollute the environment by emitting any kind of harmful gasses (Cucchiella, D’Adamo, and Gastaldi 2016) (Cséfalvay and Horváth 2018). China is in a leading position in power generation from solar PV systems. Overall electricity production from solar energy was about 1.7% in 2017 and it is growing at the rate of 40% per year. It is expected that electricity production from solar PV systems can increase from 460 TWh to 2700 TWh in 2030 which shows 17% increment (“TCEP: Solar PV” 2019).
Online monitoring of big data streams: A rank-based sampling algorithm by data augmentation
Published in Journal of Quality Technology, 2021
Xiaochen Xian, Chen Zhang, Scott Bonk, Kaibo Liu
In this section, we will present a case study of the proposed R-SADA method using an example of solar flare detection. Solar flares are sudden releases of energy at the surface of the sun. When the solar flare occurs, the sun ejects electromagnetic waves to the vicinity of the earth, and the particles involved can be hazardous to spacecraft, satellites, astronauts in space, as well as terrestrial facilities like electrical grids. To avoid these harmful effects, it is significantly important to monitor the process and trigger an alarm as soon as the solar flare occurs. To monitor solar flares in practice, satellites with cameras in space take consecutive optical observations, which can produce a large number of solar images (observations) every second, resulting in about 1.5 TB of data every day. While such big data are recorded and available for analysis offline, the satellites are only able to send partial observations back to earth for real-time analysis due to the limited transmission rate (Aschwanden et al. 2013). In other words, conventional monitoring procedures which assume full observations of the data streams cannot be applied here to online detect the occurrence of solar flares. Specifically, this study considers that only variables (pixels of each image) are observable at each data acquisition time.
Applicability of sunspot activity on the climatic conditions of Gilgit-Baltistan region using fractal dimension rescaling method
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Ali Khan, Syed Muhammad Murshid Raza, Sajjad Ali
The sun is foremost source of energy giving away its radiation fluxes toward the atmosphere and surface of the earth. The radiated energy is not always constant due to sunspots cyclic activity. The sunspots have been reported since ancient times but explicitly recognized as physical features on the solar surface in the early 17th century. The number of sunspots has been carefully observed and recorded that the sun is not the unchanging body as traditionally assumed to be. The sunspots recorded during past 56 years show a cyclic behavior, conventionally that can be represented by sunspot number (SN), the group of sunspots have tendencies of growing as well as decaying on timescale of 9–13 years. On the average, this is known as the 11-year solar cycle, or simply the solar cycle. The recorded information of about past four centuries indicates that this behavior has been persistent over the entire period, but the cyclic amplitude is very variable. For instance, the period at the end of the 17th century sunspot numbers declined near to zero for some decades, this period is now known as Maunder Minimum, later researches of this cycle found a link with the Little Ice Age. Similarly, the low activity at the start of the 19th century is called the Dalton Minimum and the comparatively high activity observed over the recent past 50 years. This shows variations in the cyclic amplitude of the sunspot cycles.