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FPGA Synthesis and Physical Design
Published in Louis Scheffer, Luciano Lavagno, Grant Martin, EDA for IC Implementation, Circuit Design, and Process Technology, 2018
Since their introduction in the early 1980s, programmable logic devices (PLDs) have evolved from implementing small glue-logic designs to large, complete systems. PLDs can be divided into two categories: complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). CPLDs are lower-density devices employing nonvolatile programming — in other words, the CPLD programming is not lost when the device is powered down. FPGAs, the topic of this chapter, are typically based on look-up table (LUT) cells, and reminiscent of ASIC gate arrays in structure. FPGAs are typically static-RAM programmed and thus require power to maintain their configuration. Today, the majority of all design starts (though typically not the largest ones) target PLDs, with the higher-density designs on FPGAs and smaller designs and designs that require nonvolatility targeting CPLDs. The increasing use of PLD devices has resulted in significant research in computer-aided design (CAD) algorithms and tools targeting programmable logic.
A Novel Comparative Study of Different Coding Algorithms and Implementation Issues through FPGA Technology for Wireless Vehicular Applications
Published in Fei Hu, Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications A Technical Approach, 2018
In most digital products, it is also necessary to design the manufacture of some logic circuits from the beginning. In order to implement such circuits, there can be usage of three forms of integrated circuits: standard integrated circuits, programmable logic arrays, and dedicated integrated circuits. Contrary to the standard integrated circuits performing specific functions, it is possible to develop integrated circuits containing user-organizable circuits, so as to implement various logic circuits. These circuits have a very generic structure and include a set of programmable logic switches, which allow the internal circuits of the integrated circuit to be organized in various ways. The designer may implement any functions desired for the performance of a specific application, by means of selecting the appropriate switches’ layout. The switches are programmable by the end-user and not the manufacturing firm, at the time of construction of the integrated circuit. These integrated circuits are called programmable logic devices (PLDs). Most PLD forms can be programmed many times over.
RCS Architecture Configuration and Runtime Reconfiguration
Published in Lev Kirischian, Reconfigurable Computing Systems Engineering, 2017
However, in cases when all PLDs are identical and application does not require minimization of the start-up time or runtime reconfiguration periods, the centralized multiboot configuration scheme could be considered as the potential solution. This scheme is quite identical to the parallel passive configuration scheme described in Section 8.6 for the initial configuration of multi-PLD RCS and is depicted in Figure 8.7. Actually, this scheme can be easily modified to perform the runtime reconfiguration of any PLD in the system when other PLDs are continuing their data-processing. The modification requires deployment of mode registers associated with each PLD in this system and the mode-control bus interconnecting all PLDs with the master controller-loader.
A Review on HT Attacks in PLD and ASIC Designs with Potential Defence Solutions
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2018
G. Sumathi, L. Srivani, D. Thirugnana Murthy, K. Madhusoodanan, S.A.V. Satya Murty
Over the past few decades, programmable logic devices (PLD) such as complex PLDs (CPLD) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are extensively used as the basic building modules in most digital systems due to their robust features such as high density, field re-programmability, and faster time-to-market. In addition, usage of PLDs in a design reduces discrete integrated circuits (IC) population and the associated interconnections on the printed circuit board. This, in turn, increases the reliability of PLD-based systems. However, when features such as unit cost, speed, power are considered, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) are most suitable devices. They also address the problem of fast obsolescence associated with PLDs. To develop digital systems with any such devices, the designer relies more on the outsourced intellectual property (IP) cores, commercial electronic design automation (EDA) tools, and offshore fabrication services, which in turn introduce more third-party involvement in the design. An adversary may use any of these opportunities to embed malicious circuitry or introduce design alterations. Hence, the logics are highly vulnerable to malicious attacks popularly known as hardware Trojans (HT).