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Lipoproteins for Biomedical Applications: Medical Imaging and Drug Delivery
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Pratap C. Naha, Stephen E. Henrich, David P. Cormode, C. Shad Thaxton
HDL is the smallest lipoprotein, and is largely produced in the liver and intestine. Its protein component mostly consists of apolipoprotein AI (apoA-I) and apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) [54]. ApoA-I is an activator of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). LCAT transfers acyl chains from phospholipids to cholesterol. This releases mono-acyl phospholipids, and concentrates cholesterol from both tissues and other lipoproteins [55]. HDL is classified into five sub-types based on shape, size, composition, density, and surface charge, i.e., HDL2a, HDL2b, HDL3a, HDL3b, and HDL3c [55, 56]. HDL cholesterol is known as “good cholesterol,” since high levels of HDL in the blood are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease [57]. On the other hand, LDL cholesterol is known as “bad cholesterol” since high levels of LDL in the blood are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease [58].
Fitness to Fly
Published in Harry W. Orlady, Linda M. Orlady, John K. Lauber, Human Factors in Multi-Crew Flight Operations, 2017
Harry W. Orlady, Linda M. Orlady, John K. Lauber
Strange as it may seem, high-density cholesterol (HDL) is a good kind of cholesterol. As the cholesterol package is carried in the blood, HDL not only carries less cholesterol than LDL but also seems to carry cholesterol back to the liver where it can be reprocessed or excreted. The level of blood cholesterol is lowered by the consumption of soluble fibers, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats, fatty fish, and by aerobic exercise. The level of blood cholesterol is raised by eating foods high in saturated fat, by eating foods such as eggs or organ meats that are high in cholesterol, by having excess weight, or by smoking (Health Letter Associates, 1991).
Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
Furthermore, fungal β-glucans have been shown to reduce total cholesterol as well as LDL cholesterol level in blood. This is in addition to achieving a mild increase in the level of HDL cholesterol while positively affecting the metabolism of fats and sugars (Rop et al., 2009). Another study documented the fact that β-glucans improve resistance against allergies by increasing the numbers of Th1 lymphocytes in the blood (Rop et al., 2009).
Comparison of metabolic syndrome and related factors in married pre-menopausal white- and blue-collar woman
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Seungmi Park, Chul-Gyu Kim, Youngji Kim
Among the five components of metabolic syndrome, low HDL-cholesterol was the most common medical condition found in the sample. Only a small proportion of participants had abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high serum triglycerides, and high blood glucose levels. A possible explanation for this might be the fact that low HDL-cholesterol levels appear to be a widespread problem in South Korea in general.16 A low HDL-cholesterol level increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and insulin resistance, thereby threatening women's health.25 Therefore, improving the lipid profile of pre-menopausal women in South Korea is an urgent matter. Education programs focusing on weight control, anti-smoking, appropriate drinking, and healthy dietary guidelines for improving the lipid profile should be developed and conducted for working pre-menopausal women.26
The effect of 10 days of energy-deficit diet and high-intensity exercise training on the plasma high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) level among healthy collegiate males
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Mohamed Nashrudin Naharudin, Ashril Yusof
In the current study, although 8 min of high-intensity cycling exercise is considered to have mainly involved carbohydrate metabolism, a proportion of fat could still have been utilised out of the ∼125 kcal of total energy expenditure (van Loon, Greenhaff, Constantin-Teodosiu, Saris, & Wagenmakers, 2001). Therefore, a cumulative utilisation of fat during the series of high-intensity cycling performed over the 10 days of the experimental period could be the reason for the increase in HDL. Also, it is thought that the increase in HDL in response to exercise is due to an increase in the activity of lipoprotein lipase (which transfers other lipoproteins to HDL) and a reduction in the activity of hepatic lipase (which removes HDL in the blood) (Svendsen, Hassager, & Christiansen, 1994).
Multi-model Markov decision processes
Published in IISE Transactions, 2021
Lauren N. Steimle, David L. Kaufman, Brian T. Denton
The first goal, glycemic control, is typically achieved quickly following diagnosis of diabetes using oral medications and/or insulin. Management of cardiovascular risk, the focus of this case study, is a longer term challenge, with a complex trade-off between the harms of medication and the risk of future CHD and stroke events. Patients with diabetes are at much higher risk of stroke and CHD events than the general population. Well-known risk factors include Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipids (HDL – often referred to as “good cholesterol”), and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP). Like blood glucose, the risk factors of TC, HDL, and SBP are also controllable with medical treatment. Medications, such as statins and fibrates, can reduce TC and increase HDL. Similarly, there are a number of medications that can be used to reduce blood pressure including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, thiazide, and calcium channel blockers. All of these medications have side effects that must be weighed against the long-term benefits of lower risk of CHD and stroke. An added challenge to deciding when and in what sequence to initiate medication is due to the conflicting risk estimates provided by two well known clinical studies: the FHS (Wolf et al., 1991; Wilson et al., 1998) and the ACC/AHA assessment of cardiovascular risk (Goff et al., 2014).