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Current Trends of Machine Learning Techniques in Biometrics and its Applications
Published in Gaurav Jaswal, Vivek Kanhangad, Raghavendra Ramachandra, AI and Deep Learning in Biometric Security, 2021
As per National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, for people over 18 years of age, absolute cholesterol is viewed as high; on the off chance that it is in excess of 200 mg/dL. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are the two kinds of lipoproteins that directly affect the cholesterol levels. In the event that the all-out cholesterol is more than 200 or the HDL level is under 40, then the danger of stroke and coronary illness is more. Plaque develops in the supply routes from significant levels of cholesterol and additionally can square blood stream to the cerebrum and cause a stroke. Since cholesterol doesn’t break up in the blood all alone, it must be conveyed to and from cells by specific particles named as lipoproteins. Because of its supply route stopping-up properties, LDL cholesterol is frequently alluded to as terrible cholesterol as it can convey cholesterol into the circulatory system and to tissues where our body can store it. This kind of cholesterol can cause plaque to develop. Plaque is a thick, hard material that can obstruct corridors. In the long run, the plaque causes narrowing of the courses or block them completely, causing stroke.
Lipoproteins for Biomedical Applications: Medical Imaging and Drug Delivery
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Pratap C. Naha, Stephen E. Henrich, David P. Cormode, C. Shad Thaxton
Lipoproteins are composed of proteins (apolipoproteins), phospholipids, cholesterol esters and triacylglycerols, and are classified mainly into four subtypes, i.e., chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The structure of each type of lipoprotein is similar and each of them is spherical in shape when mature (nascent HDL can be discoidal). The surface of lipoproteins consists of an integrated mixture of apolipoproteins and amphiphilic lipids (mostly phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol), with a core of neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and small amounts of unesterified cholesterol, etc.). On the other hand, lipoproteins differ in their size, lipid composition, major apolipoprotein, function and density (Table 6.1) [48]. Chylomicrons are the largest type of lipoprotein, while HDL is the smallest (Fig. 6.1) [49]. Chylomicrons are synthesized mostly in the intestine, range in size from 80 to 1200 nm (Table 6.1) [49], and are responsible for transportation of lipids from the intestinal lumen to the liver [50]. Chylomicrons also act as a carrier for lipid-based drugs, transporting them to the lymphatic system [50].
Enzyme Kinetics and Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
It is well known that in humans high levels of plasma lipids and lipoproteins, in particular LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) are associated with the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This link was discovered by Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein; they were awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (Brown and Goldstein, 1986). Lipids comprise cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. They are required for energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and also for signaling. The classes of hypolipidemic drugs used for cholesterol-lowering differ from each other with respect to their impact on the cholesterol profile, adverse effects and mechanism of action. For reviews see Drexel (2009) or Last et al. (2017) and Gaudet et al. (2017). Established lipid lowering agents as well as new developments are treated in this section
Acute differences in blood lipids and inflammatory biomarkers following controlled exposures to cookstove air pollution in the STOVES study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Ethan S. Walker, Kristen M. Fedak, Nicholas Good, John Balmes, Robert D. Brook, Maggie L. Clark, Tom Cole-Hunter, Robert B. Devlin, Christian L’Orange, Gary Luckasen, John Mehaffy, Rhiannon Shelton, Ander Wilson, John Volckens, Jennifer L. Peel
Studying the impact of household air pollution on cardiovascular-related biomarkers will enhance our understanding of how these exposures influence the progression of cardiovascular disease. Blood lipids and inflammatory biomarkers are closely related determinants of vascular function and injury that can lead to advanced cardiovascular disease and mortality (Gonzalez and Selwyn 2003; Bai and Sun 2016). Atherosclerosis, a major cause of cardiovascular disease, is an inflammatory process that begins with endothelial dysfunction and accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the extracellular matrix of the intima (Bai and Sun 2016). LDL can be oxidized and stimulate the release of adhesion molecules, which facilitate the uptake of leukocytes to the site of vascular injury (Bai and Sun 2016). Macrophages then take up the oxidized LDL, leading to foam cell formation and subsequent fibrous plaques (Bai and Sun 2016). Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins contribute to this process by accumulating in the plasma and initiating a pro-atherogenic inflammatory cascade (Talayero and Sacks 2011). In contrast, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is strongly protective against atherosclerosis by binding to and removing excess cholesterol from cells and extracellular tissues (Bai and Sun 2016).
Evaluation of models for predicting pediatric fraction unbound in plasma for human health risk assessment
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Yejin Esther Yun, Andrea N. Edginton
In order to instill confidence in PBPK model outputs, an accurate determination of the fraction unbound in plasma (fup) is essential and has been identified as one of the most important inputs driving pediatric PBPK model outputs (Yun and Edginton 2019). Among the 60 plasma proteins in humans, albumin, alpha acid glycoprotein (AAG), and lipoproteins meaningfully bind to exogenous compounds (Burton et al. 2006; Notarianni 1990). While acid-base properties of a compound generally determine which plasma protein it preferentially binds this assumption is not always valid. Neutral and acidic compounds tend to bind to albumin, while basic compounds tend to bind to AAG and lipoproteins (Burton et al. 2006). The physiological roles of these plasma proteins are manifold, in that these constituents serve as both a transporter and a storage depot for endogenous and exogenous substances (Lehman-McKeeman 2010). Albumin maintains the osmotic pressure in the bloodstream and transports endogenous molecules such as bilirubin and fatty acids (Putnam 1975). AAG is an acute-phase reactant; when presented with injury and inflammation, plasma AAG levels increase (Israili and Dayton 2001). Decreased AAG levels are associated with severe liver diseases including cirrhosis (Barre et al. 1984; Israili and Dayton 2001)). AAG serves as a carrier of exogenous substances. Lipoproteins transport lipid molecules or lipid-soluble compounds (Lemaire et al. 1986).
High blood pressure prediction based on AAA++ using machine-learning algorithms
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Satyanarayana Nimmala, Y. Ramadevi, R. Sahith, Ramalingaswamy Cheruku
Although for the birth and development of body tissues, cholesterol is needed, but too much cholesterol is not good for the well-being of human body. Lipoproteins (small packages) are transporters of cholesterol in the human body. Lipoproteins are two types, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol which is worst cholesterol which is not needed for the body (Kanai et al., 1990). HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is called good cholesterol. HDL is the most required cholesterol for the functioning of many hormones of the human body. HDL carries cholesterol from all parts of the body back to the liver, where cholesterol is filtered and sent out from the body. If LDL is high, this forms fatty substance inside the arteries. This fatty substance reduces the diameter of arteries and raising the BP.