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Current Trends of Machine Learning Techniques in Biometrics and its Applications
Published in Gaurav Jaswal, Vivek Kanhangad, Raghavendra Ramachandra, AI and Deep Learning in Biometric Security, 2021
As per National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, for people over 18 years of age, absolute cholesterol is viewed as high; on the off chance that it is in excess of 200 mg/dL. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are the two kinds of lipoproteins that directly affect the cholesterol levels. In the event that the all-out cholesterol is more than 200 or the HDL level is under 40, then the danger of stroke and coronary illness is more. Plaque develops in the supply routes from significant levels of cholesterol and additionally can square blood stream to the cerebrum and cause a stroke. Since cholesterol doesn’t break up in the blood all alone, it must be conveyed to and from cells by specific particles named as lipoproteins. Because of its supply route stopping-up properties, LDL cholesterol is frequently alluded to as terrible cholesterol as it can convey cholesterol into the circulatory system and to tissues where our body can store it. This kind of cholesterol can cause plaque to develop. Plaque is a thick, hard material that can obstruct corridors. In the long run, the plaque causes narrowing of the courses or block them completely, causing stroke.
Lipoproteins for Biomedical Applications: Medical Imaging and Drug Delivery
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Pratap C. Naha, Stephen E. Henrich, David P. Cormode, C. Shad Thaxton
As mentioned above, lipoproteins play major roles in cardiovascular diseases. For example, high LDL levels are associated with greater risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke [58]. Consequently, several drug technologies have been developed to reduce plasma LDL levels, as presented in Table 6.2, and their mechanisms of action of lowering LDL are presented in Fig. 6.2. For example, a class of small molecule-based drugs known as statins decrease plasma levels of LDL via inhibition of an enzyme called 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), which is responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the liver (Fig. 6.2) [58, 59]. As a result, LDL receptor expression increases in the liver, enhances the clearance of LDL from the blood and the risk of cardiovascular disease decreases [60, 61]. Another approach has been to use antibodies against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which is a protein that binds to the LDLr to signal for its degradation. Anti-PCSK9 antibodies prevent PCSK9 from binding to LDLr, therefore increasing LDLr levels and reducing plasma LDL levels (Fig. 6.2) [58, 62].
Medium Design for Cell Culture Processing
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
An example of a consumable macromolecule is low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is the carrier for lipids and cholesterol. After an LDL particle binds to an LDL receptor on the plasma membrane, the receptor-ligand complex is internalized in a clathrin-coated pit that pinches off intracellularly to become a coated vesicle. Subsequently, the clathrin coat depolymerizes, resulting in an uncoated (smooth-surfaced) vesicle, often called an endosome. The endosome then fuses with an uncoupling vesicle that has an internal pH of about 5.0, which causes the LDL particles to dissociate from the LDL receptors. The LDL receptors are then recycled back to the plasma membrane. The vesicles containing the LDL particles fuse with lysosomes, in which the cholesterol esters are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and cholesterol. Cholesterol is then incorporated into cell membranes.
Chronic cadmium exposure and cardiovascular disease in adults
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Clinical makers of such as triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, are critical to evaluating cardiovascular health. TGs are needed for normal physiological processes, but excess serum TG concentration predicts cardiovascular disorders such as coronary heart disease risk.[11] Elevated levels of the lipoproteins, particularly LDL, brings forth the condition referred to as hypercholesterolemia and increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Another clinical marker, non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), a measure of LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol, predicts heart disease risk better than LDL cholesterol alone.[12]
Four weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) improve the cardiometabolic risk profile of overweight patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Katharina Minnebeck, Elena Vorona, Sarah Zinn, Reinhold Gellner, Jens Hinder, Stefan-Martin Brand, Iyad Kabar, Florian Alten, Boris Schmitz
With respect to exercise interventions in T1DM, it has been reported that MICT has the potential to reduce LDL-C levels in T1DM patients. These interventions involved exercise programmes lasting 3–4 months decreasing LDL-C by 8–14%, (Chimen et al., 2012) comparable to the mean reduction of ∼7% in the overweight group of our study. It might also be of interest that sex differences in response to HIIT might exist since we observed that HDL levels may have increased in females but not in males. However, the detected ES indicated a small effect for improvement of LDL-C and the current study was not designed to analyse sex effects. Thus, these findings need further validation.
Ambient particulate matter levels and health profile in residents of Choba and Mgbuoba areas of Rivers State: A cross-sectional study
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
E.O. Nwaichi, S.E. Uzodike, B.A. Amadi, E.O. Ugwoha
The LDL level in respondents from Mgbuoba (3.6 mmol−1L) was markedly higher than the reference range < 2.0 mmol/L for LDL levels (Medical Council of Canada [MCC] 2012). Low LDL levels have been shown to offer protection from arterial disease and damage. Air pollution exposure and cardiovascular diseases are intimately related, and it is a growing concern worldwide (Dockery 2001; Goldberg et al. 2001). Cardiovascular diseases associated with air pollution include angina, cardiac insufficiency, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (Zareba, Nomura, and Couderc 2001). Studies conducted from the late nineties have consistently shown that PM10 is associated with overall hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases (Lind et al. 2001; Moolgavkar 2001). The white blood cells (WBC) count and differential WBC count in individuals from Choba and Mgbuoba were higher than the lower reference limits, and they tilted toward the upper limits for the WBC count (Medical Council of Canada (MCC) 2012). This outcome could be a consequence of individual life styles and occupation. Ambient particles are known to exert significant effect on several hematological parameters after inhalation (Gordon et al. 1998). Inhaled ultrafine particles may directly enter the blood circulation resulting in translocation of air pollutants to extra-pulmonary sites (Oberdorster 2001). An increase in red blood cells (RBC) count would cause an increase in blood viscosity, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular events (Donaldson et al. 2001). Higher levels of TSPM, PM10, and PM2.5 observed in Mgbuoba, could imply that residents of this area are highly susceptible to the risks associated with TSPM, PM10, and PM2.5 exposures and thus elevations in WBC count may manifest during long term exposures.