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Lipoproteins for Biomedical Applications: Medical Imaging and Drug Delivery
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Pratap C. Naha, Stephen E. Henrich, David P. Cormode, C. Shad Thaxton
Lipoproteins are composed of proteins (apolipoproteins), phospholipids, cholesterol esters and triacylglycerols, and are classified mainly into four subtypes, i.e., chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The structure of each type of lipoprotein is similar and each of them is spherical in shape when mature (nascent HDL can be discoidal). The surface of lipoproteins consists of an integrated mixture of apolipoproteins and amphiphilic lipids (mostly phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol), with a core of neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and small amounts of unesterified cholesterol, etc.). On the other hand, lipoproteins differ in their size, lipid composition, major apolipoprotein, function and density (Table 6.1) [48]. Chylomicrons are the largest type of lipoprotein, while HDL is the smallest (Fig. 6.1) [49]. Chylomicrons are synthesized mostly in the intestine, range in size from 80 to 1200 nm (Table 6.1) [49], and are responsible for transportation of lipids from the intestinal lumen to the liver [50]. Chylomicrons also act as a carrier for lipid-based drugs, transporting them to the lymphatic system [50].
Enzyme Kinetics and Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Plasma lipoprotein particles are subdivided into the rather large chylomicrons (diameter: 1000 nm), very high-density lipoprotein (VHDL, 7 nm), various high-density lipoprotein (HDL, 8–12 nm), low-density lipoprotein (LDL; 21 nm), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL; 30 nm), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL; 50 nm), and lipoprotein a (Lp (a); 25 nm). The main function of chylomicrons is to transport triglycerides from the intestine via the blood stream to liver muscle and the adipocytes. VLDLs exclusively formed in the liver are primarily responsible for transporting triglycerides synthesized as well as stored in the liver from there to other cells. LDLs and HDLs are also generated in the liver. Whereas LDLs forward cholesterol and cholesteryl esters to other cells, HDLs transport surplus cholesterol from peripheral tissues (e.g., from the walls of blood vessels) back to the liver; they also interact with LDLs thereby taking over some of the cholesterol and cholesteryl ester molecules and exchanging triglycerides. HDLs are the smallest and the densest of the lipoprotein particles. High concentrations of HDL particles are associated with a reduced individual risk for progressive arterial/cardiovascular diseases (optimal are HDL concentrations of > 60 mg/dL), whereas in case of high LDL (an LDL level between 50–70 mg/dL is considered optimal) with low HDL levels this risk is significantly enhanced.
Radiation-induced lung disease
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Max M Weder, M Patricia Rivera
The diagnosis of chylothorax is established with pleural fluid analysis demonstrating a high level of triglycerides (> 110 mg/dL or 1.24 mmol/L) and a low level of cholesterol (< 250 mg/dL or 6.45 mmol/L). Lipoprotein analysis to confirm the presence of chylomicrons can be considered when the diagnosis is doubtful. The pleural fluid usually has a milky appearance.
Ameliorative effect of quercetin on pancreatic damage in rodent: a meta-analysis
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Tri Wiyono, Khoirun Nisa, Sri Handayani, Anjar Windarsih, Septi Nur Hayati, Martha Purnami Wulanjati, Eti Nurwening Sholikhah, Woro Rukmi Pratiwi
The mechanism of pancreatitis caused by hypertriglyceridemia is still not clearly understood. Until now, it is estimated that the increase of triglyceride (VLDL and chylomicron) levels will increase plasma viscosity so that it triggers ischemia in pancreatic tissue. Ischemic conditions accompanied by high free fatty acids (FFA) will activate trypsinogen to stimulate pancreatic inflammation [39].