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Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
The roots of the PIC microprocessor go back to 1975 and a Department of Defense (DOD) contract with Harvard University that developed the Harvard architecture. However, the DOD went with a simpler and at the time more reliable single memory architecture proposed by Princeton University. In 1978, Signetics picked up the basic architecture and used it in the Signetics 8×300 Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC). Around 1985 Signetics spun off its microelectronics division to Arizona-based Microchip Technologies with their main product the PIC microcontroller. The PIC was the first RISC microcontroller featuring only 33 instructions compared to over 90 in the Intel 8048. Microchip has developed a line of PIC microprocessors with a large variety of features integrated onto the chip while maintaining extremely low cost ($1 to $10 per unit).
Introducing the Microcontroller
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, Embedded Systems Circuits and Programming, 2017
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton
PIC is a family of microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology. The original one was the PIC1650 developed by General Instruments. This device was called PIC for “Programmable Intelligent Computer” although it is now associated with “Programmable Interface Controller.” Microchip does not use PIC as an acronym; instead, they prefer the brand name PICmicro. Popular wisdom relates that PIC is a registered brand in Germany and Microchip is unable to use it internationally. The original PIC was built to be used with General Instruments’s CP1600 processor, which had poor I/O performance. The PIC was designed to take over the I/O tasks from the CPU, thus improving performance. In 1985, the PIC was upgraded with EPROM to produce a programmable controller. Today a huge variety of PICs are available with many different on-board peripherals and program memories ranging from a few hundred words to 32K.
IoT-Based Smart Stick for the Blind
Published in Rashmi Gupta, Arun Kumar Rana, Sachin Dhawan, Korhan Cengiz, Advanced Sensing in Image Processing and IoT, 2022
Varsha Vimal Sood, Kartik Bansal, Nitish Agarwal
Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC): A PIC is a small microcontroller programmed to execute a large number of operations [30]. In Lau et al. [31], two microcontrollers, Raspberry Pi acting as the master whereas the PIC 18F4525 microcontroller behaves as the slave controller, are used to develop a smart stick. This stick is further equipped with the water level sensor, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, vibration motor, and GPS module. An additional feature of this work is the development of an emergency Android-based application (app). The app would enable carers to track and communicate with the user. In case of emergency, the user may send panic alerts to carers by shaking his/her cell phone or by pushing the power button four times in 5 s.
A novel centralized supervisory with distributed control system-based microgrid
Published in Automatika, 2022
An impo rtant novelty of the proposed system is that for the generation of sinusoidal PWM pulses, a direct microcontroller-based scheme is used without explicit carrier. It is the microcontroller that generates the PWM pulses directly. The microcontroller, using the built in ADC reads in the signal conditioned reference and the internal PWM generation unit produces the corresponding PWM. In the PIC 16F877A microcontroller, there are 8 channels of ADC and two PWM sections. The PWM sections can be initialized with the required carrier frequency. The width of the individual pulses is altered by the value of the analogue signal read by the ADC. After generating the three-phase reference signal, each of the three-phase reference signals are individually rectified and attenuated and applied to the ADC inputs A0 and A1.
Performance Comparison of Optimization Algorithm Tuned PID Controllers in Positive Output Re-Lift Luo Converter Operation for Electric Vehicle Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
R. Femi, T. Sree Renga Raja, R. Shenbagalakshmi
The PIC microcontroller is used to construct the hardware configuration for closed-loop control of the PO-RL converter utilizing a PID controller based on the PSO algorithm and a traditional approach. The PIC microcontroller is efficient enough to generate an appropriate duty cycle to get desired output value. The hardware configuration consists of a power supply circuit, PIC microcontroller, heat sink, driver circuit, an isolation transformer used to isolate the power supply from the ground connection, and opto-couplers for separating high voltage from low voltage side. The following values are used for hardware implementation, L1 = L = 1 mH, L2 = 0.5 mH, C1, C2 = 4.7 µF, C = 22 µF, R = 100 Ω, Vs= 15 and Vref = 100 V.
Combustion and emission characteristics of light duty diesel engine fueled with transesterified algae biodiesel by K2CO3/ZnO heterogeneous base catalyst
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Jayashri Narayanan Nair, Yeditha Veera Venkata SatyanarayanaMurthy, Syed Javed
Fuel samples were tested on water-cooled, single-cylinder engine, with a rated power of 3.5 kW at 1500 rpm. The test engine was modified to run on common rail direct injection (CRDI). Fuel injection system can operate with mechanical injector with an injection pressure of 210 bar and also by high-pressure pulse split injections upto 1000 bar. Engine has provision for advancement or retardation of injections which can be controlled by an electronic injection control system kit fitted with the engine. System has the capability to regulate the timing as well as the quantity of fuel. Low and high-pressure circuits maintain constant pressure in the fuel supply system. For high-pressure injections, the fuel supply system is connected to high-pressure pump ran by an electric motor. A pressure valve is mounted on common rail system, which is controlled by PIC microcontroller to monitor and regulate the fuel pressure. Kistler makes pressure sensor is used for measuring combustion pressure, which is hydraulically mounted to withstand the fluctuations in pressure. Combustion data from the pressure transducer and the signals from the CA (crank angle) encoder are recorded by engine data logger. Mechanical injection was used for this test. The specifications of the engine are given in Table 1.