China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Microflow Cytometer Electronics
Published in Frances S. Ligler, Jason S. Kim, The Microflow Cytometer, 2019
Jeffrey S. Erickson, Dustin J. Kreft, Matthew D. Kniller
When selecting a microcontroller or microprocessor, there are a few issues that should be considered. First, it should have enough digital input and output lines to control and read from all of the other electronics on the board. Second, the clock speed must be sufficient to handle data streams and any operations that the microprocessor will perform on it. Microprocessors and microcontrollers are rated in terms of the number of bits per clock cycle operation. An 8-bit microcontroller can handle 8-bits of data per clock cycle, while a 16-bit microcontroller can handle twice the throughput. Another consideration is the instruction cycle time of the microcontroller. Some microcontrollers can process instructions at 1 per clock cycle and others may require 4 or more clock cycles. For example, an 8 MHz chip which can compute most instructions in one clock cycle will run at roughly the same throughput as a chip that runs at 24 MHz but requires 3 clock cycles per instruction. Although there is a trade off, usually microcontrollers and microprocessors that require more cycle time may have an internal pipe-line. This can increase computation when handling very large and complex algorithms.
The CPU and a microprocessor system
Published in Stuart Anderson, Microprocessor Technology, 2012
More recently, two 16-bit microprocessors have dominated the industry; the Intel 8086 series and the Motorola 68000 series. The Intel 8086 is used in all IBM PCs and IBM compatible clones. The CPU gives true 16-bit processing, with all the benefits of full 16-bit arithmetic operations, increased speed and a larger address range. However an 8-bit data bus is used because of the great cost of using a 16-bit system. This produces a satisfactory compromise between cost and speed.
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Past, Present, and Future
Published in Wasim Ahmed Khan, Ghulam Abbas, Khalid Rahman, Ghulam Hussain, Cedric Aimal Edwin, Functional Reverse Engineering of Machine Tools, 2019
Abdul Haseeb, Muhammad Faizan, Muhammad Faisal Khan, Muhammad Talha Iqrar
In 16-bit microcontroller, ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on a word (16 bits). The internal bus width of 16-bit microcontroller is of 16 bits. Examples of 16-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8096 family and Motorola MC68HC12 and MC68332 families. 16-bit microcontroller provides greater performance and computing capabilities with greater precision as compared to 8-bit microcontroller.
Toward smart shirt for sensing thermal comfort
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Petar Šolić, Toni Perković, Ana Čulić, Vladimir Pleština
As for the temperature sensor, the MAX30205 Max30205 human body temperature sensor 2016) has been selected in two different formats, better described below. The sensor accuracy is in correlation with supply voltage. The MAX30205 accuracy is 0.1°C at 3.3 V supply when measuring standard body temperature (3739°C) with a sensor resolution of 16-bit (0.00390625°C). 16-bit resolution is a big advantage over standard 14-bit resolution sensors. Also, one of the advantages of this sensor is the sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that converts the temperature measurements to digital form with high-resolution and overtemperature alarm/ interrupt/shutdown output that this sensor also provides. A two-wire I2C serial interface is used for communication. This interface is compatible with the BLE/MCU selected board and accepts standard commands sent by the MCU to read the temperature data in real time. Based on data, it configures the behavior of the open-drain over-temperature shutdown output. The MAX30205 operates on a supply voltage in the range of 2.7 V to 3.3 V and a low operating supply current of 600 μA. These characteristics are ideal for the considered application as they ensure a long battery duration. Since it is foreseen to measure the temperature in two different body points, one of the two MAX30205 is directly connected to the BLE/MCU module. The second one is a wired probe, as shown in Figure 4. Finally, both sensors and BLE/MCU boards need to be powered with the LiPo battery. To provide a long battery life while guaranteeing adequate compactness, thanks to the low power consumption of the foreseen modules, the capacity has been suitably chosen to be as low as 200 mAh, which is a good compromise between required small dimensions and the discharge time. A constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) TP4056 linear charger with thermal control and USB connection has been selected for battery charging. It provides both the presence of input voltage by two status pins and the status of charge termination.