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Electric Vehicle Research: Need, Opportunities, and Challenges
Published in Vikram Bali, Rajni Mohana, Ahmed A. Elngar, Sunil Kumar Chawla, Gurpreet Singh, Handbook of Sustainable Development through Green Engineering and Technology, 2022
This section of the chapter focuses on discussing the concepts of embedded systems. Embedded systems' importance in EVs, automobile applications, different modelling blocks in an EV design phase, researchers’ perspectives, testing approaches, and finally, performance evaluation are based on hardware in loop (HIL) concept. Embedded system can be defined as a system capable of performing specific tasks for a particular application. Their applications may vary from consumer electronics, industrial equipment, or machinery to autonomous vehicles. These are done by incorporating microcontroller chips with control and computational capabilities to perform a particular task or a set of tasks. Now, let us look into ways in which embedded-system concepts are associated with vehicles, specifically EVs.
PIC Programming: Tools and Techniques
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, Microcontroller Programming, 2018
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton
The MPLAB IDE is intended for software development of embedded systems. An embedded system is designed for a specific purpose, in contrast with a computer system which is a general purpose machine. The embedded system is designed to perform specific and predefined tasks; for example, control a microwave oven, control a TV receiver, or operate a model railroad. The software of a general-purpose computer can be easily changed. You may, at will, run a word processor, a web browser, or a database management system on your computer. The software in an embedded system is usually fixed and cannot be easily changed; for this reason it is called “firmware.”
Software Quality Management
Published in Jong S. Lim, Quality Management in Engineering, 2019
The definition of firmware by ISO 24765 [ISO 17a] is “combination of a hardware and computer instructions or computer data that reside as read-only software on the hardware device.” In other words, firmware is a computer program, i.e., embedded software in an embedded system that provides smart functions for hardware products. The firmware does not need an operating system like a computer. However, it is able to tell a microcontroller how to work. For example, firmware in the microcontroller of a refrigerator can control complex functions without a computer operating system.
Comparative Analysis of Delay-Based and Memory-Based Physical Unclonable Functions
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Priti S. Lokhande, Sangeeta Nakhate
Nowadays, embedded systems are used in almost every part of our lives such as cars, mobile phones, pacemakers, traffic light controllers, digital cameras, digital watches and MP3 Players. The majority of contemporary embedded systems, including PDAs, sensors, routers and smart cards, manage and convey sensitive data, making their security a top priority. Embedded systems are also used in safety-critical systems including medical care devices and automotive systems making it very pivotal to secure such systems [1]. As a result, it can be challenging to find an application that does not use one or more embedded systems. Since they are known to employ similar OS and CPU platforms, any algorithm that can attack one of these devices might potentially compromise hundreds of other devices in the same class at once. The majority of developers believe that because their products differ from desktop PCs in that they employ non-x86-based processors and flash storage, they are immune to attacks. In contrast, the authors in [2] argue that the majority of embedded systems lack the five fundamental operating system security characteristics, such as application-kernel separation, memory protection domains, restricted code execution on the system stack, file system access protection and randomization of process information.
Digital twin-enabled smart industrial systems: a bibliometric review
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2021
Maria Pia Ciano, Rossella Pozzi, Tommaso Rossi, Fernanda Strozzi
An embedded system is defined as a computer system dedicated to specific functions and embedded in a complete device or system (Park, Zheng, and Liu 2012). Cyber physical systems are an evolution of embedded systems in which networking can coordinate and integrate computation and physical processes; the network contains various embedded systems with computational components that serve to monitor, detect and activate physical elements (Park, Zheng, and Liu 2012). Their ability to collect the information, monitor it from the physical space, and synchronize it with the cyberspace often led literature to see cyber physical systems as the actualisation of Industrial Internet (Li et al. 2017). Moreover, due to the high connectivity, cyber physical systems act as distributed computer systems, characterized by decentralised control (Wang, Törngren, and Onori 2015; Yun, Park, and Kim 2017).
Review of battery powered embedded systems design for mission-critical low-power applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2018
Matthew Malewski, David M. J. Cowell, Steven Freear
An embedded system is a computer system that is built specifically to complete set tasks. Applications of embedded systems can vary from consumer, aviation, and space equipment. Systems can be almost, or completely isolated from human interaction, and may be expected to perform in such a state for many years. Because of the range of applications, there is no single strategy for designing an embedded system.