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The Role of IoT in Smart Technologies
Published in Parag Chatterjee, Robin Singh Bhadoria, Yadunath Pathak, 5G and Beyond, 2022
Ashish Bagwari, Jyotshana Bagwari, Taniya Anand, Brijesh Kumar Chaurasia, R.P.S. Gangwar, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
Cellular describes IoT applications that can be operated as well as controlled over an extended distance and can utilize the global cellular mobile communication protocols3G,4G or LTE for information exchange. It can transmit and receive a large amount of information at a speed of 35 to 170 Kilobits per second for General Packet Radio Service, 120 to 384 kilobits per second for Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, 384 Kilobits per second to 2 Megabits per second for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, 600 Kilobits per second to 10Megabits per second for High-Speed Packet Access, 3 to 10 Megabits per second for Long Term Evolution and 20+ Megabits per second for 4G, which is expensive and uses a lot of power for data transmission. However, a sensor-based low-bandwidth-data project could be a very good choice to spread into a larger area and when a small amount of information has to be transmitted over the internet. A product using this protocol is the SparqEEscope of items, just like the first smallCELLv1.0 less expensive development board and a progression of safeguard interfacing sheets viable with the Arduino platforms and Raspberry Pi. Cellular protocols operate on various frequencies like 900/1800/1900/2100MHz and the distance range of this technology is 35km maximum for GSM and 200km maximum for HSPA.
Smart-Spaces in IoT
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Security in IoT-Enabled Spaces, 2019
As we aforementioned, energy consumption of femtocell is not stable for different wireless technology standards such as WiMAX, HSPA and LTE which are rivals in the sector. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) can be used for transferring data across an ISP (Internet service provider) network, as a fixed wireless broadband Internet access, replacing satellite Internet service or as a mobile Internet access. HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is another wireless technology standard, which is enhanced version of 3G. LTE (Long Term Evolution) is considered as 4G and provides better capacity and speed. They provide different bitrates and energy consumption of a femtocell is different for these technology standards. On the other hand, it is hard to say which one provides better energy efficiency since it changes with different bitrate ranges.
Can Electromagnetic Field Exposure Caused by Mobile Communication Systems in a Public Environment Be Counted as Dominant?
Published in Marko Markov, Mobile Communications and Public Health, 2018
Jolanta Karpowicz, Dina Šimunić, Krzysztof Gryz
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is the 3G mobile telecommunications technology, supporting conventional cellular voice, text, and multimedia messaging services. Due to the much higher speeds in comparison to GSM, UMTS supported a great expansion of internet access technology, including video calling, e-mail, and web browsing. The UMTS complete network system consists of a radio access network, the same 2G core network, and a user authentication part. UMTS is a technology based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), in a combination with a frequency-division duplexing method. It uses a pair of 5 MHz wide channels. The used frequency bands are 1885–2025 MHz (UL) and 2110–2200 MHz (DL). The UMTS2100 is the most widely deployed UMTS band. The average transfer speed is ∼3.6 Mbits/s. In the ideal case, with implemented Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) technology, the maximum theoretical data transfer rate is 42 Mbit/s. However, users can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for UMTS and 7.2 Mbit/s (later to 21 Mbit/s) for an HSPA downlink connection. If these values are compared to a single GSM circuit switched data channel with 9.6 kbit/s, it is a significant improvement in technology. The maximum transmission UMTS handset power is 2 W (ETSI TS125101, 2011).
Applications of IoT Lab Kit in Educational Sector
Published in IETE Journal of Education, 2019
N. M. Shweta, V. Tulasi Dwarakanath, K. Nanda, S. Saha, V. P. Singh, P. Hari Babu, B. S. Bindhumadhava, G. L. Ganga Prasad
The WINGZ gateway has been provided with enough storage to deal with the data. The entire system supports Zigbee, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth Low Energy. It also has 14 pin expansion header to interface UbiSense. The Hardware and software in built in the gateway can be used for connectivity purpose. The fundamental architecture of the system belongs from ARM Cortex A9 series. The SOC of the device works at very low power and it has the system which supports numerous IP network interfaces such as WLAN, Ethernet, Zigbee, HSPA (High speed packet access). The system also supports different peripherals such as SPI, I2C, UART, SD, USB, etc. It is also enabled with various multimedia interfaces also and a touch screen display.
Energy Efficient Optimal Resource Allocation in Multi-RAT Heterogeneous Network
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2021
Sanjoy Debnath, Anand Jee, Debarati Sen, Srimanta Baishya, Wasim Arif
The radio resource allocated to any cellular network is generally divided into (RUs), which use to be associated with different RATs. Let RU denoted by is associated with kth RAT, i.e. . For 4G LTE networks, resource block is the smallest RU that can be scheduled.3G high speed packet access (HSPA) networks, a RUconsists of codes. Here we assume, these codes require same power for the fixed length of codes.