China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Applications of Machine Learning in Wireless Communication: 5G and Beyond
Published in Mangesh M. Ghonge, Ramchandra Sharad Mangrulkar, Pradip M. Jawandhiya, Nitin Goje, Future Trends in 5G and 6G, 2021
Rohini Devnikar, Vaibhav Hendre
3G-internet mobile cellular network was launched in the year 2000 to give high-quality multimedia services along with quality voice transmission. This 3G technology overcomes the disadvantages associated with the previous generation by giving a higher data rate of more than the 1G and 2G generations. 3G has a 2 Mbps (megabits per second) data rate and provides higher security. 3G can access all advanced internet services. Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and 3GPP2 groups categorized the specifications for 3G. Wideband CDMA technology was used in 3G to gives Quality of Services (QoS). The 3G can be used for video calls, telemedicine, location-based services, mobile internet access, and wireless voice telephony, etc.
LTE Cellular Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT)
Published in Hossam Fattah, LTE™ Cellular Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), 2021
LTE or 4G cellular technology has been first introduced in 3GPP Release 8 in 2008 as a new broadband cellular technology. LTE saw its first commercial deployment in 2009. 4G comes with advanced capabilities and features such as higher peak data rates (300Mbps on DL and 75Mbps on UL), improved system capacity and coverage, better spectrum efficiency, low latency, reduced operating costs, and seamless integration with existing 2G/3G systems.
Connectivity
Published in Chandrasekar Vuppalapati, Building Enterprise IoT Applications, 2019
Connectivity plays an important role in future IoT products and Services. Current carrier networks (3G & 4G) have limited capacities, bandwidth and higher latencies. The 5G network is a game changer as it brings network slices, low latency, and higher bandwidths.2
6G and Internet of Things: a survey
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2021
Monserrat et al. (2020) propose three technological pillars of future 6G networks: cell-less deployment, “network everywhere,” and federated AI-based networking. First, due to the extreme densification of networks, the cellular concept which has been a key technology of existing mobile networks (e.g. 2G, 3G, and 4G) will face limitations such as network coverage issues and intercell interference. To resolve them, unmanned aerial stations and high-throughput satellites have been explored as new types of communication node which do not require cell-based mobile networks (Elmeadawy & Shubair, 2020; Monserrat et al., 2020). A typical aerial-space-terrestrial integrated network can be represented as three layers: “a space-based network composed of various orbit satellites, an aerial network composed of aircraft, and a ground-based network that includes terrestrial cellular mobile networks, satellite ground stations, and mobile satellite terminals” (Zong et al., 2019, p. 26). The integration of terrestrial, airborne, and satellite networks into wireless networks will be critical for 6G systems (Saad et al., 2020).
A vision of 6G – 5G's successor
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2020
In May 2000, the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) determined that the WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TDSCDMA wireless interfaces were 3G standards. In 2007, the WiMAX standard was added. This group was collectively called the IMT-2000, internationally. 3G could provide mobile multimedia services including voice, image, data, and video. The data transmission rate could reach 2 Mbps. Although 3G could achieve a network speed of 2 Mbps, it still found it difficult to meet the needs for image transmission and video. In addition, the mobile communication systems of WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX standards were not compatible with each other. The standard for unifying them had not yet been completed. In addition, CDMA had the problem of self-interference. The system design of the mainstream standard WCDMA was too complicated, and the deployment cost was high (Kalbande, Haji, & Haji, 2019; Mourad, Yang, Lehne, & de la Oliva, 2020; Tomkos, Klonidis, Pikasis, & Theodoridis, 2020).
Understanding 5G technology for future supply chain management
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2021
Mobile networks have dramatically evolved over last two decades. After the voice digitalisation and SMS messaging capability of 2G, and the later Internet-based and multimedia-enabled 3G, 4G wireless broadband allows data speeds of 100 Mbps (Rao and Prasad 2018). Nevertheless, the ever-connected and hyper-communicated society has progressed towards 5G network. The 5G is a new networking solution to overcome the challenges of future communication needs, where an enormous number of smart devices could communicate with each other anywhere and at any time. These devices demand extreme communication network capability such as close-to-zero delays and Gbps-scale data rates. The 5G paves the way for FoF with these capabilities for Industry 4.0 and Supply Chain 4.0.