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The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on 5G-Enabled IoT Networks
Published in Parag Chatterjee, Robin Singh Bhadoria, Yadunath Pathak, 5G and Beyond, 2022
Ranjana Sikarwar, Parth Wazurkar
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology, constantly growing to accommodate the needs of future IoT applications, currently uses existing 4G networks. IoT-centric applications such as augmented reality, which work through intelligent connections, require higher data rates, large bandwidth, increased capacity, low latency and high throughput in order to function quickly [15]. The exponential growth of IoT devices that generate massive amounts of data wirelessly has led to widespread investigation of high speed, enhanced bandwidth and low latency 5G cellular networks. 5G is widely expected to achieve enhanced end-user quality of experience (QoE) and higher data rates than 4G, as well as 1000 times greater system throughput and ten times greater spectral efficiency. Current IoT arrangements face many technical challenges, including security, compatibility and longevity, the large number of node connections and new standards. Higher data rates, low latency, efficient use of the spectrum and seamless connectivity between different networks are the most debated topics in IoT [15, 21].
The Mobile Technologies in the ‘Informative’ Society
Published in Kris MY Law, Andrew WH Ip, Brij B Gupta, Shuang Geng, Managing IoT and Mobile Technologies with Innovation, Trust, and Sustainable Computing, 2021
Miaojia Huang, Kris MY Law, Chenyu Xu
4G refers to the fourth generation of mobile phone technology. It was launched by Telia Sonera in Finland in 2010, following on from 3G and 2G technology. Nowadays, it has discontinued 3G services in the nation and the 3G customers have now been upgraded to 4G, which has become a mainstream wireless communication network.
Electromagnetic Fields
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Wireless communication has been advancing over several generations of technological improvements. The first, 1G, was analog cellular. Digital cellular was introduced with second generation, 2G, technologies which made possible the digital transmission of phone calls and basic text messages, and 3G enabled transmission speeds of 200 kilobits per second (kbps) up to a few megabits per second. The current fourth generation, 4G and 4G LTE, is the present standard for wireless communication. 4G has transmission speeds of up to about 100 megabits per second (Mbps), but it is reaching its maximum capacity for data delivery. Hence the rollout of 5G, the next generation, which represents an enormous improvement over 4G which will be augmented or replaced.
Design and development of T-Shaped antenna structure for wireless communication
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
The global system for mobile communication employs digital modulation schemes to improve voice quality, but the network only provides limited data services. Second-generation carriers continued improving transmission quality and coverage while introducing text message, voicemail, and fax services. The third-generation technology, based on wideband wireless evolution, allows customers to employ data transmission rates of up to 200kbps for audio, graphics, and video applications. For Smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers, this technology improves network clarity and speed by up to megabits per second. Long Term Evaluation (LTE) is a fourth-generation technology that falls under the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) Standard and complies with (International Telecommunication Unit) ITU (International Mobile Telecommunication) IMT-Advanced broadband network. The data transfer rate of the technology can reach 1Gbps, and 4G provides images and video links that are better than TV quality.
Non-ionizing radiation as possible carcinogen
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Shiwangi Gupta, Radhey Shyam Sharma, Rajeev Singh
Several research groups are also working on different wireless technology and its effect on human health. Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a communication method used by different radio technologies that allow multi users to share same frequency band. The transmission power of CDMA is limited to a maximum of 6–7milliWatts (Garg 2000). In early 1990s, 2 G was developed for digital mobile communication systems (GSM or Global System for Mobile Communication). The transmission power intensity of mobile phone is 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900 (ICNIRP 2009). The third generation (3 G) mobile network technology used to access the internet and the fourth generation (4 G) technology offers high-speed internet access, videos and higher data rates. 5 G or fifth generation of mobile technology provides complete wireless communication with no limitations and 5 G has high speed of transmission rate (Prabhakara et al. 2017). Different specifications of 3 G, GSM and CDMA mobile phone technologies have been shown in Table 4. In connection to the above, Wi-fi can also create a small wireless computer system in a place where they are often called wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Novel type-2 fuzzy logic technique for handover problems in a heterogeneous network
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2018
Mohamed Saeed, Hanan Kamal, Mona El-Ghoneimy
Long-term evolution (LTE) is a new radio access technology established to provide a smooth transition towards the fourth generation (4G) network (Dahlman 2007). LTE is designed to increase the capacity, coverage and speed compared to earlier wireless systems (Divya and Huseyin 2009). To satisfy the demands of high capacity and seamless data communication, small cells are more often being integrated into the traditional cellular network, forming a long-term evolution—advanced (LTE-A) network. The support of small cells was introduced in 3GPP release 10 for improvements to the LTE network. Munoz et al. (2013) found that, compared to the traditional macro-only cellular network, the deployment of small cells in macro cells can effectively increase the system performance. Small cells are also expected to improve spectrum utilization and to increase the received signal strength.