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Advanced Computing for Green Internet of Things
Published in Bandana Mahapatra, Anand Nayyar, Green Internet of Things, 2023
Bandana Mahapatra, Anand Nayyar
The 5G network focuses on reducing energy utilization, which can bring about green communication and healthy environments. In 2020, the forecast of green communication is all about communication devices where the objects can communicate effectively and efficiently using smart and green techniques that can bring about a healthy and green life. 5G technology is essential for improving the reliability factor as well as improving QoS of communication between the machines and humans. 5G technology also supports huge large areas’ connectivity, reduces latency, saves energy and provides higher data rate. Some 5G services for society include robotics communication, e-health, interaction, human and robotics, media, transport and logistics, e-learning, public safety, e-governance, automotive and industrial systems etc.
SD-WAN Outlook
Published in Cheng Sheng, Jie Bai, Qi Sun, Software-Defined Wide Area Network Architectures and Technologies, 2021
5G — the 5th generation of wireless networks — offers many technical advantages. Three of the key technical differentiators are as follows: Higher speeds: Compared with 4G technologies, 5G increases the peak rate from 100 Mbit/s to 10–20 Gbit/s.More connections: As defined by International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 5G will support one million IoT connections per square kilometer, 10 times more than 4G technologies.Lower latency: The 5G E2E latency defined by ITU is as low as 1 ms, which is 1/10 of the 4G E2E latency.
Blockchain concepts, architectures, and Smart city applications in fog and edge computing environments
Published in Muhammad Maaz Rehan, Mubashir Husain Rehmani, Blockchain-enabled Fog and Edge Computing, 2020
Daniel Minoli, Benedict Occhiogrosso
‘5G’ (5th Generation) is the term for the next-generation cellular and wireless service provider network that aims at delivering higher data rates – 100 times faster data speeds than the current 4G long-term evolution (LTE) technology – lower latency, and highly reliable connectivity. In practical terms, it is an evolution of the previous generations of cellular technology. 5G IoT is licensed cellular-based IoT. A 5G system entails devices connected to a 5G access network, which in turn is connected to a 5G core network. 5G systems subsume important 4G system concepts such as the energy-saving capabilities of narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) radios; secure, low-latency small data transmission for low-power devices – low latency is a requirement for making autonomous vehicles safe; and devices using energy-preserving dormant states when possible. Bandwidth demand for a number of Smart city applications is the main driver for mobile broadband-based 5G services in general and new-generation 5G IoT applications in particular. According to GSMA, 5G is on track to account for 15% (1.4 billion) of global mobile connections by 2025. By early 2019, 11 worldwide operators had announced initial 5G service introductions, and several other operators had activated new base stations with 5G commercial services to follow thereafter [64].
An Eight-Element MIMO Antenna Array for NR Application
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Fifth Generation (5G) communication advances the features of our smartphones, which are currently using Fourth-Generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution System (LTE). The 5G will provide many improvements, such as lower latency, 10 times higher connection density than 4G, faster throughput, and better network efficiency. The 5G frequency bands are divided into frequency range 1 (FR1) and frequency range 2 (FR2). FR1 is also known as the 5G sub-6 GHz (0.45–6.0 GHz) band and FR2 (24.2–54.6 GHz) is known as the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band. In the sub-6 GHz band, frequencies below 3 GHz are used by Third-Generation (3G) and Fourth-Generation (4G) communication systems, the 5–6 GHz frequency range is used by Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications and some newer radio (NR) bands, i.e. the n77 band (3300–4200 MHz), the n78 band (3300–3800 MHz), and the n79 band (4400–5000 MHz) [1].
Novel Low Profile Beam Switchable 5G Sub-6 GHz E-GSM Antenna for Vehicular Communication
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Malathi Kanagasabai, Shanmathi Shanmuganathan, M. Gulam Nabi Alsath, Jothy Govindan
The 5G antennas for vehicular applications should possess some desirable features (Lee and Tong, 2012; Sun et al., 2016) such as low-profile, compact (Ameelia Roseline and Malathi, 2012) and miniaturised (Bao and Guo, 2021) with high impedance bandwidth, gain and directivity. For vehicular applications, the increased bandwidth with miniaturised size can be accomplished by using design techniques such as using meta surface (Ntawangaheza et al., 2021) and shorting pins (Shao & Zhang, 2021; Wong et al., 2016). In comparison with 4G, 5G demands high channel capacity, faster network speed and lower delay. In sub-6 GHz or millimetre-wave, the above targets can be attained by designing the antenna with switching/reconfiguring capabilities. This switching can be realised by using various techniques such as the phase-controlled array (Wen et al., 2016), semiconductor switch, Butler matrix (Trinh-Van et al., 2019), radio frequency micro-electromechanical systems technology (RF-MEMS) switch (Zohur et al., 2013) and active FSS (Bouslama et al., 2016; Gu et al., 2017; Han et al., 2019; Mahmood & Denidni, 2016).
5G Mobile Wireless Access and Digital Channeling with RF Over Fiber for Long-Haul 64-QAM Communication
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Mazin Al Noor, Bal S. Virdee, Karim Ouazzane, Dion Mariyanayagam, Harry Benetatos, Svetla Hubenova
5G is the latest mobile technology that brings greater speed, capacity, and functionality to mobile services, opening new opportunities for consumers, businesses, and public services. Currently, 5G is reusing the spectrum that has previously been used to deliver services such as TV broadcasting and wireless broadband. The physical layer of 5G uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a typical cell radius of up to 5 miles [5]. 5G like its predecessor, i.e. 4G-LTE, offers wireless and fixed access services and can expand broadband services with mobility to areas, where today no fixed broadband access is feasible because of excessive cost [6]. Moreover, it includes attributes of frequency reuse and flexible bandwidth scalability. Both 5G and 4G-LTE base stations require a lot of energy to transmit signals over 5 km. The path-loss of 5G at 3.5 GHz between a base station (BS) antenna of the height of 30 m and subscriber’s handset height of 2 m is ∼165 dB for the transmission around 4900 m; in 4G-LTE systems, this figure is ∼158 dB [7]. This means a cost-effective solution is needed to overcome transmission costs and signal impairment. RFoF precludes the deficiencies inherent in 5G with the potential to increase the bandwidth and data rate, and to improve the spectral efficiency, thus, raising the broadband, speed between users and between users and BS.