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Green Wireless Communication Systems
Published in Gurjit Kaur, Akanksha Srivastava, Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks, 2023
Akanksha Srivastava, Gurjit Kaur
Radio broadcasting is a well-known type of wireless transmission. Radio transmitters use radio waves to transmit information. Radio waves are comparatively narrow, and they can be transmitted over different frequencies. Therefore, a car radio is capable of receiving radio signals from various radio stations. Figure 2.5 shows the scenario of infrared communication.
WLAN Technology Basics
Published in Rihai Wu, Xun Yang, Xia Zhou, Yibo Wang, Enterprise Wireless Local Area Network Architectures and Technologies, 2021
Rihai Wu, Xun Yang, Xia Zhou, Yibo Wang
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic wave capable of transmitting energy and momentum over the air through the use of electric and magnetic fields whose oscillations are in the same phase but both perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation. Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. Figure 2.1 illustrates electromagnetic waves.
The Use of Microwaves, Plasma and Laser for Wood Modification
Published in Dick Sandberg, Andreja Kutnar, Olov Karlsson, Dennis Jones, Wood Modification Technologies, 2021
Dick Sandberg, Andreja Kutnar, Olov Karlsson, Dennis Jones
Radio waves are at the lowest end of the EM spectrum, with frequencies of up to about 30 GHz, and wavelengths greater than about 10 millimetres. Radio waves are used primarily for communications including voice, data transfer and entertainment media.
Energy efficient optimal hop transmission using minimum power least cost algorithm in cooperative routing for wireless sensor network
Published in Automatika, 2023
Immanuvel Arokia James K., Manjula P., Guga Priya G., Karthikeyan A.
Radio receivers and transmitters, as a rule, require antennas, keeping in mind the end goal of coupling electrical association with the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are generally electromagnetic waves that help motions through space or air at the speed of light with practically no transmission misfortune. Radio transmitters and receivers are utilised to pass on signals in broadcast (audio) radio, TV, portable Wi-Fi (WLAN) data networks, and remote control gadgets, among numerous others. Reception apparatuses are typically omnidirectional. They generally emanate energy similarly every which way, or directionally, where energy transmits more along one bearing than others. It's physically difficult to get a totally uniform omnidirectional antenna. Reception apparatuses, as a rule, send little energy upward or downward; however, they for the most part have a uniform radiation design in the horizontal plane [7].
Remora Jaya Optimization-Enabled Deep Quantum Neural Network for Underwater Target Tracking Using Radar Images
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2023
Radar is a detection system that utilizes radio waves to detect the distance, angle, and velocity of objects with high accuracy. It has a wide level of appliances over optics, geotechnical mapping, space, and meteorological detection (Cai et al. 2019; Ha and Kim 2019), because it is cost-effective and it consumes minimum power. Most of the radar frameworks adopt a feed-forward mechanism chain, where they process the achieved sensor information to attain the target classification and then forwarded the efficient information to either tracker or classifier to extract useful details, such as target kinematic factors and target category to obtain the system objective. Accordingly, tracking as well as classification can be enhanced by the changes among refined data from the sensor and transferring of upcoming illuminating waveforms. It is well known that the cognitive radar (CR) frameworks provide an effective promising solution for enhanced effectiveness (Haykin 2006; Haykin, Xue, and Setoodeh 2012; Bell et al. 2015). For the past few decades, the techniques utilize bearing measurements to track the target from underwater, and also it is very much applied to monitoring the opposition’s ships and submarines. Bearing measurements is nothing but the angle determined from the reference axis toward the line connecting the target as well as observer. Such tracking methods are highly efficient in the anti-submarine process when the spectators are under in the scenario of attack (Saha, Kumar, and Panda 2022; Kumar, Singh, and Panigrahi 2022). The bearing mechanism facilitates the tracking process and it is called Bearings-Only Tracking (BOT) it has large-scale applications. Course, speed, and range are some of the motion of the target which is referred as target motion analysis.
Localization strategies for robotic endoscopic capsules: a review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Federico Bianchi, Antonino Masaracchia, Erfan Shojaei Barjuei, Arianna Menciassi, Alberto Arezzo, Anastasios Koulaouzidis, Danail Stoyanov, Paolo Dario, Gastone Ciuti
According to the conventional representation of the whole EM spectrum, we can identify: (i) radio waves (up to 3 GHz); (ii) microwaves (3 GHz–300 GHz; (iii) infrared (300 GHz–478 THz); (iv) visible waves (430–478 THz); and (v) X-rays and gamma rays (over 478 THz). Each of them is used for different purposes due to their propagation and attenuation range inside a specific environment. In particular, due to the propagation and attenuation properties of the human body, only radio waves, visible waves, X-rays, and gamma rays can be exploited for localization in medical procedures.