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Cellular Networks
Published in Mahbub Hassan, Wireless and Mobile Networking, 2022
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. The whole world, Europe as well as North America, converges to the same cellular telephony technology starting with LTE. This is also the kick start for the fourth generation of telephony. 3GPP is now the single body that coordinates all standards for cellular telephony. Every year it releases new documents. LTE was released as 3GPP Release 8 in 2009.
Co-Design of 4G LTE and mmWave 5G Antennas for Mobile Terminals
Published in Shiban Kishen Koul, G. S. Karthikeya, Millimetre Wave Antennas for 5G Mobile Terminals and Base Stations, 2020
Shiban Kishen Koul, G. S. Karthikeya
LTE technology typically consists of three operating low-frequency bands: LTE700 (698–787 MHz), LTE2300/Class 40 band (2300–2400 MHz) and LTE2500/Class 7 band (2500–2690 MHz) [1]. Future transceivers must also accommodate mmWave 5G hardware. Frequencies for mmWave 5G are expected to be around 28 GHz for the design of 5G antennas [2]. Achieving orthogonal pattern diversity with a low physical footprint is challenging. 4G LTE and mmWave 5G MIMO antennas on the same module presents an important problem when addressing the backward compatibility of future smartphones [3].
LTE, 4G & 5G – Broadband mobile communications in mining applications
Published in Christoph Mueller, Winfred Assibey-Bonsu, Ernest Baafi, Christoph Dauber, Chris Doran, Marek Jerzy Jaszczuk, Oleg Nagovitsyn, Mining Goes Digital, 2019
LTE is a wireless communication technology that promises better traffic control, higher bit rates and low latency. Tailored solutions and the possibility for mining operators to deploy their own private LTE core and RAN has turned this technology into a very interesting long term option for all industries, including mining.
Use of real time localization systems (RTLS) in the automotive production and the prospects of 5G – A literature review
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2022
Christoph Küpper, Janina Rösch, Herwig Winkler
The research and development of technical specifications are driven by politically and economically oriented standardization organizations. The ‘3rd Generation Partnership Project’ (3GPP) unites seven of these organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC). The technical specifications are published in so-called ‘Releases’. The ITU reviews these Releases after each publication. If they meet the previously set requirements, the products developed under the specifications can be labelled as 5G. An example of this process can be seen in the development of LTE and 4G. The original LTE did not achieve the IMT-advance requirements for 4G. Therefore, ‘LTE capable products’ and not ‘4G capable products’ were sold in the market. Only LTE-A achieved the 4G standard. However, LTE was already referred to as 4G among the general public. In October 2010, two years after the launch of LTE, organizations agreed to also refer to LTE as 4G to avoid confusion. (Cox, 2014)
Design and development of T-Shaped antenna structure for wireless communication
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
The antenna dimensions were estimated by calculating to the extremes of the intended resonant frequencies. It is important to note, however, that there are other definitions of information measure, including radial asymmetry bandwidth, polarization information measure, and potency bandwidth. To get an information measure, radial asymmetry and potency are often coupled. New technologies have emerged, and portable devices with Long-Term Evolution (LTE) for voice and data applications are now available. LTE uses three low-frequency bands: LTE700 (698–787 MHz), LTE2300/Class 40 band (2300–2400 MHz), and LTE2500/Class 7 band (2500–2690 MHz). MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) is one of the best ways to increase the data rate. The physical footprint of LTE antennas is considerable, making integration with mobile terminals difficult. Future transceivers will need to support mmWave 5G technology and 4G LTE antennas [1–5].
Designing and performance evaluation of metamaterial inspired antenna for 4G and 5G applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2021
Harbinder Singh, Balwinder Singh Sohi, Amit Gupta
Although the majority of designs available in the literature are compact but focus only on some of the frequency bands and those which support a good number of bands are complex in design. Currently, most of the telecom operators are working in the 4 G LTE service on 2300 MHz TDD LTE band i.e. band no.40 and are in process to include more bands for their growing data services (Yang et al., 2016). Thus, there will be a high demand for small size antennas in the near future that can support 4 G/5 G bands to solve the problem of band congestion. The designed antenna presented in this research work focuses on achieving a wide bandwidth to cover 4 G/5 G bands with a compact size to meet the radio equipment requirements. The antenna design is planner in structure with a low impact on human tissues and can be used by any radio equipment for TDD LTE and NR operations. Moreover, the design supports LTE and NR band on a single chip for 4 G/5 G applications with a compact size of 35 × 48 × 1.62 mm3.