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Hardware for automation
Published in Benny Raphael, Construction and Building Automation, 2023
In principle, wireless communication is not much different from communication using wires. Wireless communication makes use of electromagnetic waves for transmitting information. Antennas transmit and receive waves that encode data. Radio frequency waves are commonly used. Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth are standards that are popularly used in automation systems. Wireless adapters are available that take serial input through pins and transmit data through radio waves. A wireless communication system that was developed as part of a research project is shown in Figure 2.47 (Soman et al., 2017). It uses a Zigbee device that has a range of 100 m and a data transfer rate of 250 kbps. There are pins to connect sensors to the board, and the data from the sensors is automatically transmitted wirelessly to a remote server at regular intervals through a gateway device.
Introduction to VANET
Published in Sonali P. Botkar, Sachin P. Godse, Parikshit N. Mahalle, Gitanjali R. Shinde, VANET, 2021
Sonali P. Botkar, Sachin P. Godse, Parikshit N. Mahalle, Gitanjali R. Shinde
Before starting technical stuff in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), it is important to see the evolution of wireless communication in short. Wireless communication is a turning point in communication network, which makes many tasks simpler. Due to wireless communication, people can communicate their data on wireless medium, i.e., air. Wireless communication utilizes different signals like radio wave, microwave, ultrasonic wave, and infrared wave. There is no need of physical mediums like wire and optical fiber, which makes communication easy. Devices investigated in the 19th and 20th centuries, like computer, pager, and mobile phone, use a wireless medium of communication and have a capability of anytime, anywhere communication facility. Wireless communication network is further extended with the feature called mobility. Mobility means that nodes in networks are moving with different speeds and establish communication with other nodes. Wireless networks are with access points and routers as forwarding devices that are located at different places. Wireless ad hoc networks are without access points and routers.
Wireless networking
Published in Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Optical and Wireless Communications, 2018
WLAN does not compete with wired LAN. Rather, WLANs are used to extend wired LANs for convenience and mobility; they essentially “fill” in for wired links using electromagnetic radiation at radio or light frequencies between transceivers. A typical WLAN consists of an access point and the WLAN adapter installed on a portable notebook. The access point is a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device; it is the wireless equivalent of a regular LAN hub. An access point is typically connected with the wired backbone network at a fixed location through a standard Ethernet cable, and it communicates with wireless devices by antenna. WLANs operate within the prescribed 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz frequency bands. Most LANs use 2.4 GHz frequency bands because it is most widely accepted.
Antenna Array Pattern Synthesis Using Metaheuristic Algorithms: A Review
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
An antenna is an aerial, sensor, or transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves and is an essential component of the wireless communication system. In today’s digital world, there are billions of users who are accessing the wireless services through smart phones, laptops, iPad, and other smart internet of things (IoT) devices. Most of the developed countries are focusing on establishing 5G communication network so as to provide higher bandwidth and smooth internet services to their citizens. With the exponential increase in data traffic, researchers across the world are exploring new technologies such as cognitive radios and multiple-input–multi-output (MIMO) [1] antenna to meet the requirement of the present wireless communication system. MIMO uses antenna arrays to best utilize the spectral resources of millimeter-wave technology and provides more throughput, lower latency, and spectral diversity. Smart antenna [2] uses antenna array for estimating the direction of users and thereafter directing the beam in the desired direction also known as adaptive beamforming.
Dual-band transparent and non-transparent antennas for wireless application
Published in International Journal of Electronics Letters, 2020
Arpan H. Desai, Trushit Upadhyaya
Internet on the go is in very much demand and as WLAN provides Internet solutions in the homes and offices; WiMAX provides a greater range of Internet connectivity which can be used anywhere by anyone. Wireless technology uses electromagnetic waves for transmitting the information for communication. This technology does not employ any wired network for propagation of information. The most widely used technologies for getting Internet connectivity are IEEE 802.11 (WLAN) and IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) through which the devices can be connected to each other for effective communications (Crow, Widjaja, Kim, & Sakai, 1997). The modules which use WLAN and WiMAX technology need antennas to transmit the signals over a wireless medium. Due to the increasing demand for incorporating multi-frequency applications in the same module, the need for multiband antennas has sore to the great extent (Ali & Biradar, 2018; He, Hong, Xiong, Zhang, & Tentzeris, 2009; Sharma, Mittal, & Reddy, 2015; YANG ZIMU, Hou, & Cheng, 2013).
Application of the Internet of Things in the textile industry
Published in Textile Progress, 2019
Hitesh Manglani, George L. Hodge, William Oxenham
The roles of the different layers are as follows:Perception Layer: This layer is also called the object layer since it consists of physical objects which articulate and sense data for the IoT. These consist of sensors and actuators which collect data and process information for secure transfer.Network Layer: This layer acts as the object abstraction layer. It performs the task of transferring data securely from the perception layer to a central information processing system. The transmission can be wired or communicated by wireless technologies such as RFID, 3G, BLE 4.0, Infrared, Zigbee, WIFI, and GSM.Middleware Layer: This layer is the central processing system of IoT. It stores the information received through the network layer into databases using service management, which it then processes and analyzes to provide decisions. This layer links various heterogonous devices irrespective of their hardware, and can be cloud-based or on-site.Application Layer: It provides uniquely smart services asked for by customers. It manages applications based on object information processed in the middleware layer. Some highly object-oriented examples in this layer representative of the consumer environment would be a smart home, smart health, smart agriculture, smart energy usage, and intelligent transportations.Business Layer: The responsibility of this layer is for the overall management of the IoT. It involves building graphs and flowcharts from data received from the application layer. It designs, evaluates, analyzes, builds, and develops various elements of the IoT along with continuous improvement.