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Advanced Wireless Solutions (Case Studies on Application Scenarios)
Published in Abid Hussain, Garima Tyagi, Sheng-Lung Peng, IoT and AI Technologies for Sustainable Living, 2023
A wireless network is a technology that is used to establish connections between different network-integrated devices without the use of wires. In a wireless network, a connection is established based on the different types of signals that are transmitted over the air by the sender and receiver (Lin et al., 2016). The wireless network uses different types of waves like radio waves, electromagnetic waves, and infrared waves to transfer the data over the network. Wireless networks convert digital data into signals and transfer over the internet with the help of the physical layer of the OSI model. It connects remote locations like different countries, cities, offices, and homes, and reduces the cost that occurs due to the installation of a wired network (Yetgin et al., 2017) and assorted scenarios presented in Figure 17.1.
Plant Security
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
A wireless network interface card or client is a piece of hardware that is plugged in to a computer and enables that computer to make a wireless network connection. The card consists of a transmitter, functional circuitry, and a receiver for the wireless signal, all of which work together to enable communication between the computer, its wireless transmitter/receiver, and its antenna connection. Wireless cards are installed in a computer through a variety of connections, including USB Adapters, or Laptop CardBus (PCMCIA) or Desktop Peripheral (PCI) cards. As with the WAP, software is loaded onto the user’s computer, allowing configuration of the card so that it may operate over the wireless network.
Upgrading Security
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Drinking Water Handbook, 2017
The wireless network interface card or client is a piece of hardware that is plugged into a computer and enables that computer to make a wireless network connection. The card consists of a transmitter, functional circuitry, and a receiver for the wireless signal, all of which work together to enable communication between the computer, its wireless transmitter/receiver, and its antenna connection. Wireless cards are installed in a computer through a variety of connections, including USB adapters or laptop PCMCIA Cardbus or desktop PCI peripheral cards. As for the WAP, software is loaded onto the user’s computer, allowing configuration of the card so it may operate over the wireless network
X-Band Multilayer Stacked Microstrip Antenna Using Novel Electromagnetic Band-Gap Structures
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Mohit Gaharwar, D. C. Dhubkarya
The revolution in wired and wireless communication systems has an enormous influence on society around the world, and today life without connectivity is hard to imagine. Wireless networks are also of greater interest to the research community because of their inherent advantages, such as limited investment in infrastructure (no wire), ease of implementation, support for end-user mobility, remote access and cost-effectiveness. In addition to other electronics, the antenna is an essential component of a wireless communication network in the transmitter and the receiver. The phenomena of converting electrical energy to electromagnetic energy are performed by antenna and vice versa. Similarly, the receiver side antenna is the first stage and gets a free space signal. The antenna field is almost as old as the contact and research in this area are; it is hard, to sum up here. The Heinrich Hertz was an explorer in the field of antenna, providing a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding radio waves. The research community has worked hard to give better antennas to support radio communication. Different types of antennas are designed and developed. They can be broadly classified as array, wire, aperture, reflector, microstrip, and lens antennas.
A survey on the recent development of securing the networked control systems
Published in Systems Science & Control Engineering, 2019
In recent years, Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCSs) have experienced an ever-increasing development in fields of theory and practice. In WNCSs, the sensor and actuator communicate with the controller through wireless networks. Compared with traditional NCSs, WNCSs have considerable advantages, such as reduced wires and low installation and maintenance cost. However, the wireless networks are more vulnerable than wired networks, which may be caused by weather changing, multi-path propagation, doppler shift, networked attacks and so on. Considering the dynamic wireless networks which result in poor communication performance are vital in the design of WNCSs (Chorppath, Alpcan, & Boche, 2016). Additionally, utilizing the inherent nature of ‘openness’ of WNCSs, malicious attackers can destroy communication facilities and control systems (Yang, Xue, Zhang, Richa, & Fang, 2013). Thus, a deal of literature focusing on the security of WNCSs have been found as (Li, Quevedo, Dey, & Shi, 2016; Li et al., 2015; Yang, Ren, Yang, Shi, & Shi, 2015; Zhang et al., 2016), and the references therein. Some advanced results have been presented on the security problem of NCSs during the latest years. In Teixeira, Perez, Sandberg, and Johansson (2012), attack scenarios have been modeled and analysed according to a three-dimensional resource framework. In Pang, Liu, Zhou, Hou, and Sun (2016), two-channel false data injection attacks against output tracking problem of NCSs have been investigated. To detect integrity attacks, the probability of detection has been optimized by conceding system performance (Mo et al., 2014).
Influential variables impacting the reliability of building occupancy sensor systems: A systematic review and expert survey
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2022
Yiyi Chu, Debrudra Mitra, Zheng O’neill, Kristen Cetin
A third type of RF sensor uses Wi-Fi communication. Wi-Fi describes a local wireless network that uses radio waves to communicate data, typically originating from the Internet. To be considered Wi-Fi, the radio signal must use the IEEE 802.11 standard (2016) to communicate. Multiple versions of Wi-Fi are defined in the IEEE specifications, including common ones such as 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz frequency radio waves. Wi-Fi infrastructure is widely available in most buildings, along with mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, laptops) with Wi-Fi connectivity carried by occupants. The data packets are transmitted in existing Wi-Fi traffic, and both received signal strength (RSS) and, in some cases, the MAC address of each occupant’s mobile device connected to Wi-Fi can be extracted to estimate occupancy, including either presence/nonpresence or number of occupants. The MAC address of each device serves as a unique identifier for each of the occupants. Some of the main advantages of the use of Wi-Fi include the use of a common and widely implemented network, especially in residential and commercial buildings. In addition, the cost of using this technology is negligible in comparison to some other sensor types (Ouf et al. 2017), particularly when Wi-Fi is already available. Disadvantages include that it requires occupants to carry their mobile devices (Zou et al. 2018), and higher power consumption compared to some other sensor types (Mahmoud and Mohamad 2016). In addition, there may be privacy concerns for occupants since the personal MAC addresses and other universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) need to be monitored and collected (Wagner, O’Brien, and Dong 2018).