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Internet of Things and Data Mining
Published in Madhu Arora, Poonam Khurana, Sonam Choiden, Performance Management, 2020
Zigbee was developed by the Zigbee alliance, which works for reliable, low-energy, and cheap communication solutions. The range of Zigbee device communication is in the range of 10-100 metres. RFID is a very popular technology used to identify anything. It contains a RFID tag, which carries the data using radio waves such as bar code technology. RFID tags are of two types, active and passive. An active RFID tag has its own power source, and can start the communication, which means it can send its data on its own at any time. This capability results in it being costly, as it consumes more power and is time-consuming. A passive RFID tag doesn't have its own power source and waits for the RFID reader to start communication using electromagnetic waves. It can transmit the data only when it senses the electromagnetic waves of a reader. Thus, it is cheap, consumes less power, and is fast. RFID technology is used in many applications, such as retail chain management, logistics control, supply chain management, etc.
IoT: An Overview
Published in Chintan Patel, Nishant Doshi, Internet of Things Security, 2018
ZigBee [C, Muthu Ramya, Shanmugaraj.M (2011)] provides reliable, low cost, long battery life and remotely upgradable firmware. It was developed by Zigbee alliance. It is a parallel standard with IEEE 802.15.4. It provides range up to 150 meters outdoors using a method called direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). DSSS consumes less power compared to other spectrums like frequency hopping spread spectrum. Zigbee has low throughput and a data rate upto 250 Kbps. ZigBee system is useful for applications where low data rate is required. Example of such applications are home automation and control, smart meter reading, smart building and residential systems. E-health and body area networks. ZigBee based smart energy, hospital & institutional, patient monitoring, cable replacements, automotive, in vehicle control, it is used for vehicular, entertainment, status monitoring, telecommute services.
WirelessHART, The Leading Technology for Industrial Wireless Networked Control Systems
Published in Tran Duc Chung, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Vijanth Sagayan Asirvadam, Nordin Saad, Sabo Miya Hassan, TM, 2017
Tran Duc Chung, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Vijanth Sagayan Asirvadam, Nordin Saad, Sabo Miya Hassan
The common protocols of WNCS for home and office applications are WLAN [44], Bluetooth [45], ZigBee [46], and Z-Wave [47]. WLAN offers various speed ranges from as low as 1 Mbps to as high as a few hundred Mbps; it does not support mesh network topology. Bluetooth, on the other hand, offers speeds up to 1 Mbps at low energy consumption mode for its latest version 4.2 [48]. The key disadvantage of Bluetooth is that it does not support relaying messages among slave nodes and only pico-net (small network with maximum of 7 slaves) is supported. ZigBee has low power consumption, low speed communication and offers connection of multiple devices in a network. The revision of its technology supports some network characteristics similar to the industrial protocols such as mesh network topology [34]. On the other hand, Z-Wave is technology dedicated for home and office automation which does not require very high reliability for critical control application [47].
Smart grid mechanism for green energy management: A comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Adila Fakhar, Ahmed M.A. Haidar, M.O. Abdullah, Narottam Das
The recent advancements in wireless technology motivated many researchers in the past years to intensively propose the application of wireless communication in various fields, particularly in the smart grid applications (Li and Lin 2015). Daoud and Fernando (2011) reviewed several existing communication technologies that have been adopted for machine-to-machine communication in the future smart grid. A planned approach through a simple scenario as illustrated by (Simon et al. 2017) has been introduced to improve the performance of a Zigbee protocol for smart energy systems. Stefano, Scaglione, and Wang (2010) also reviewed some proposed approaches for channel modeling and interference mitigation by implementing methods for joint transmission over the power-line channels (3–500 kHz) and unlicensed wireless channels (902–928 MHz). The performance of wireless mesh systems when deployed for automatic metering infrastructure was carried out by (Berger, Schwager, and Escudero-Garzás 2013). In this study, the researchers used a hybrid wireless mesh protocol and optimized link-state routing protocol. For smart grid applications, it is stated that a high data rate with a larger range of 100 m indoor can be obtained from the use of Wi-Fi as compared to Bluetooth and ZigBee (Mahmood, Javaid, and Razzaq 2015). It was also concluded that for the home area network, the ZigBee is more suitable to accommodate a number of nodes. However, the data rate (40–250 kbps) of ZigBee is less than Wi-Fi which is in the range of (11–300 Mbps).
Implementation of a Distributed Home Automation Scheme with Custom Hardware Nodes Using ZigBee and MQTT Protocols
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
A. Radhanand, K. N. B. Kumar, Swetha Namburu, P. Sampathkrishna Reddy
The system architecture is shown in Figure 1, is scalable since new nodes of the existing types (for example more light/device switching nodes or window open detection nodes) or new types of nodes for introducing a new feature can be added by making them join the ZigBee network and adding the necessary topics in the MQTT broker and clients, defining the node addresses in the message structure. ZigBee is the network protocol of choice since its range (about 100 m) and data rate (250 kbps) are suitable for the application. Moreover, the frequency of operation 2.4 GHz is in the unlicensed ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band. HTTP is an earlier protocol that is used to push and pull data from the web and can be functionally used in this application too. However, MQTT is a light-weight protocol that is being extensively used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications typically for the transfer of small packets of sensor or alert data which is well suited for home automation [13].
STC: an intelligent trash can system based on both NB-IoT and edge computing for smart cities
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2020
Gangyong Jia, Yujie Zhu, Guangjie Han, Sammy Chan, Lei Shu
ZigBee is a short-range, low-complexity, low-power wireless network technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless standard (Bhagwat 2001). Zigbee was developed in 2004 and it solves the connection problem by using a large number of scattered nodes with high fault tolerance and low power consumption. ZigBee systems can communicate with each other across thousands of tiny sensors and are in sleep mode or in the non-operating state (Erasala et al. 2002). The power consumption in the sleep mode is only one-thousandth of that in the normal operating state. In terms of security, ZigBee provides a set of security classes and software based on the 128-bit AES algorithm and integrates the security elements of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to provide the higher security. However, the communication stability of ZigBee is not high. Zigbee technology uses the 2.5 GHz frequency in the ISM band, which has weak diffraction ability and weak wall penetration capability. A door, a window, and a non-load-bearing wall can greatly reduce the signal strength.