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Systems and Models of Communications Technologies: Shannon–Weaver, von Neumann, and the Open System Interconnection Model
Published in Stephan S. Jones, Ronald J. Kovac, Frank M. Groom, Introduction to COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES, 2015
Stephan S. Jones, Ronald J. Kovac, Frank M. Groom
This model can be used to define how a router, digital personal automatic branch exchange (PABX), and data networking switches work. (These topics are defined in subsequent chapters.) A router is a device used in data networks to forward information from one network to another. They are the workhorses of the Internet, the World Wide Web (the web), and corporate wide area networks (WANs). With this level of responsibility, the equipment may seem more complex and sophisticated than it really is. A router is required to analyze packetized information received from its I/O module connection to decide where the information packet is sent or routed next. This requires an operating system that keeps the organization of the system flowing correctly. A CPU to control requests in conjunction with the ALU is necessary to analyze the binary data. Connecting all of these parts together is a bus structure that is able to send and receive millions of requests every second!
The Basics of Professional Networked Media
Published in Al Kovalick, Video Systems in an IT Environment, 2013
The router connects the facility to the outside world or to other company sites using IP routing. A router has three fundamental jobs. The first is to compute the best path that a packet should take through the network to its destination. This computation accounts for various policies and network constraints. The second job of the router is to forward packets received on an input interface to the appropriate output interface for transmission across the network. Routers offer a selection of WAN interfaces1 (SONET, T1/E1, T3/E3, ATM, Frame Relay, ISDN, and more) and LAN (Ethernet with IP for our discussions) interfaces. The third major router function is to temporarily store packets in large buffer memories to absorb the bursts and temporary congestion that frequently occur and to queue the packets using a priority-weighted scheme for transmission. Some routers also support a virtual private network (VPN) function for the secure tunneling of packets over the public Internet.
Network Engineering for Audio Engineers
Published in Steve Church, Skip Pizzi, Audio Over IP, 2012
So now you know where all the numbers you have to enter into your computer's network configuration come from, right? The IP number is either globally unique within the Internet's 4-byte address space, or a private network address served by a NAT.The subnet mask defines the base address (together with the IP number) and size of your subnet.The default gateway is the address for the IP router that handles traffic that flows outside of your subnet, which usually means outside of your LAN.The DNS server address tells your DNS resolver (part of your computer's IP stack software) where to find the DNS server it can use for lookups.
Human teleoperation - a haptically enabled mixed reality system for teleultrasound
Published in Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
David Black, Yas Oloumi Yazdi, Amir Hossein Hadi Hosseinabadi, Septimiu Salcudean
Though the results are promising, the implemented system also has certain limitations, which are discussed here. First, the tele-ultrasound system was implemented on local networks to allow rapid prototyping and development. However, to be truly useful in the real world, it would have to be expanded to run on external networks. With the advent of 5 G, the required bandwidths outlined in Table 2 can easily be supported. Current work is porting the communication system to WebRTC, which can support secure teleoperation over the Internet, through almost any firewall and router NAT (Network Address Translation). This is enabled by the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) protocol. Though the Internet adds some latency over local networks, WebRTC is a peer-to-peer, UDP-based architecture which is inherently faster than the system used in the presented prototype. We therefore expect the latency to continue to be limited by the human response time rather than the communication delays, so the tests and discussion about control architectures presented here would still be equally applicable. This improvement to the system is now discussed in Black and Salcudean (2022).
A resilient hierarchical distributed model of a cyber physical system
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2023
The electric power system domain is obviously quite complex. However, there is a lot of good literature [24,35,50,71,72] that discusses the various aspects of electric power systems. For our simplified illustration here, an electrical CPS also, just like the water distribution system, has three types of equipment – physical (i.e. primary), protection, and communication equipment. The primary equipment are components that carry/transfer energy in terms current and voltage. The protection equipment are components for monitoring, protection, and control. The communication equipments are components used for communication and Internet connection. Some of the primary components are generator, transformer, bus bar, load, and transmission line. Some of the secondary components are intelligent electronic device, remote terminal unit, circuit breaker, current transformer, voltage transformer, sensor, and actuator. The communication components include hub, router, and Internet. Each of these components can be modelled as a basic RCPS. These basic RCPS are used to create the basic RCPS units. These basic RCPS and RCPS units are then used to build various levels of RCPS units/subunits.
Seismic risk analysis of a data communication network
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2022
Simona Esposito, Alessio Botta, Melania De Falco, Adriana Pacifico, Eugenio Chioccarelli, Antonio Pescapè, Antonio Santo, Iunio Iervolino
Routing is based on the combination of two protocols: open shortest path first (OSPF), used for the internal reachability of the backbone, and border gateway protocol (BGP), used for the propagation of the routes regarding external networks. BGP is configured on all the routers in the first-level POPs and the edge routers of the external networks. Routes in the first-level POPs are also set as route reflector and have a full mesh of internal BGP sessions between them. The functionality of the route reflector is to logically divide the backbone in a set of clusters, to reduce the need of meshing of the BGP sessions to a single element of each cluster. The interior routing protocol, OSPF, is used for determining the address of the next hop router, while BGP carries the routing information of local networks to the backbone.