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Communications Systems
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2018
Mehrdad Mesbah, Sharon S. Allan, Donivon D. Hettich, Harry Forbes, James P. Hanley, Régis Hourdouillie, Marco C. Janssen, Henry Jones, Art Maria, Mehrdad Mesbah, Rita Mix, Jean-Charles Tournier, Eric Woychik, Alex Zheng
Different generations of cellular technology have followed with an ever-faster evolution. The second generation (2G), which began deployment in the 1990s, introduced two families of cellular technologies: GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) together with its data transmission protocol GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) as well as Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE), on one side, and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 2000 on the other side. 2G technology (particularly the GPRS) was also extensively used for metering applications with a speed of 28 kbps that later increased to about 150 kbps (EDGE) allowing file transfers and more advanced metering applications. Hundreds of thousands of meters with GPRS radios were installed in Europe by 2009. The attractive economics and profitable spectrum use looked to make an “AMPS-like” decommissioning of the 2G systems unlikely without significant economic fallout for the carriers.
Seamless and Secure Communication for 5G Subscribers in 5G-WLAN Heterogeneous Networks
Published in Mahmoud Elkhodr, Qusay F. Hassan, Seyed Shahrestani, Networks of the Future, 2017
In the past decade or so, several telecommunication industries started to redesign 4G to 5G wireless systems, which give a lot of broad communication solutions with good system performance and much higher data rates in terms of low packet-delivery latencies, low packet-loss ratios, and high reception ratios. According to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 5G technologies [15] will provide a lower Internet connection speed of about 100 Mbps to a user moving at a high speed and a higher Internet connection speed of up to 10 Gbps to support better real-time applications and multimedia applications. The second generation, or 2G, began in 1991 as a collection of standards that administered wireless telephone technology, without much worry for information transmission or the mobile web. The third generation (3G) concentrated on applications in voice communication, mobile Internet, mobile TV, and video calls. The fourth generation (4G) was intended to better support IP telephony (voice over IP), cloud computing, video conferencing, and online gaming and video streaming.
Beyond Second-generation Systems
Published in Goff Hill, The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference, 2012
3G systems provide a significant evolutionary step in terms of capacity, data speeds, and new service capabilities compared to 2G mobile networks. They are designed to provide a link between cellular wireless networks that have traditionally been designed to carry voice services and the Internet, which is able to provide a wide range of data and multimedia services. This new capability not only can allow new services to be offered over mobile networks, but also improves customer support or user experience. This allows operators to develop their brand of product and drive new revenue opportunities. A further aim is to allow operators to reduce their capital and operational expenditures.
Millimeter-Wave in the Face of 5G Communication Potential Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Nazih Khaddaj Mallat, Madeeha Ishtiaq, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Amjad Iqbal
The wireless communications have continued to progress, since the appearance of the smart devices. This progress has opened the door to using new technologies and applications [1–3]. This evolution is reflected by different generations of wireless communication that include First Generation (1G), Second Generation (2G), Third Generation (3G), Fourth Generation (4G), and most exciting 5G. Each generation has its own characteristics and represents one or more advantages as compared to the previous one. The advantages are mostly concerned with the data rate, power consumption, and the number of functionalities and features. The 1G technology was initially present in the United States and then in France. This technology was based on analog communication with the operating frequency band of 800 MHz [3,4]. Subsequently, the 2G was developed on the basis of digital communication mode rather than the analog mode. These applications show a significant improvement in the communication area and also increased the use of smart devices, which is considered practically and highly demandable by the end-users. The frequency used in 2G communications systems varied from 900 MHz to 1800 MHz [4,5].
A vision of 6G – 5G's successor
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2020
In 1991, companies such as Nokia introduced the second generation (2G) mobile communication devices, based on the GSM standard. Compared with the 1G standard developed by Motorola that used analog circuits, 2G used digital circuits, so cell phones were smaller and more power-efficient. 2G could send and receive text messages, roam, and provide a data transmission rate of 9.6 kbps, but it was difficult to access the Internet. Based on the data transmission rate of 9.6 kbps, 2G mobile communication equipment found it difficult to meet the increasing demand for Internet access. There were many 2G standards, including the GSM standard derived from TDMA developed in Europe, the IDEN and the IS-136 standard which appeared in the United States, the PDC standard used in Japan, and the CDMA used in Asian countries. In the IS-95 standard, these standards were not interoperable and roaming, so the call for a unified standard triggered a proposal for 3G (Letaief, Chen, Shi, Zhang, & Zhang, 2019;; Rappaport et al., 2019 Wikström et al., 2020).
NomadicBTS: Evolving cellular communication networks with software-defined radio architecture and open-source technologies
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Emmanuel Adetiba, Victor O. Matthews, Samuel N. John, Segun I. Popoola, Abdultaofeek Abayomi
The evolution of wireless communication technologies is rapid and the number of mobile devices, applications, and services is growing in an unprecedented dimension (Andrews et al., 2014; Boccardi, Heath, Lozano, Marzetta, & Popovski, 2014; Kumar, Liu, & Sengupta, 2010; Pedreno-Manresa, Khodashenas, Siddiqui, & Pavon-Marino, 2018). The evolution of wireless cellular communication started with the first-generation (1G) cellular technology. The analogue system utilizes frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and circuit switching for its operations. However, the power consumed by the system is large while the quality of calls is low (del Peral-Rosado, Raulefs, López-Salcedo, & Seco-Granados, 2017). The introduction of the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) standards marked the birth of the second-generation (2G) technology. GSM technology adopted a simplified encryption to overcome the security challenge of eavesdropping in 1G cellular systems (Kune, Koelndorfer, Hopper, & Kim, 2012). Furthermore, the third-generation (3G) technology improved the voice quality with better Quality of Service (QoS) delivered at a data rate of 2 Mbps (Honkasalo, Pehkonen, NieMi, & Leino, 2002). Continuous demand for enhanced data rate by mobile users led to the development of the fourth-generation (4G) networks which feature higher data rate of 50–100 Mbps and Internet Protocol (IP) capability (Akyildiz, Gutierrez-Estevez, & Reyes, 2010).