China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Security Outlook of IoT-Cloud Integration with 5G Networks
Published in Amit Kumar Tyagi, Niladhuri Sreenath, Handbook of Research of Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 2022
Evolution of the wireless world has evolved from the first generation (1G) and then to the massive second generation (2G) to the enormous third generation (3G) to finally coming Fourth generation (4G). 1G was circuited to the advanced mobile phone system (AMPS). 2G introduced us to GSM and GPRS which were designed and constructed for circuit switched voice application. On the other hand, 3G and 4G were established for enabling packet switched services. 5G networks are not based on switching and routing now. They are bound to be adaptive, flexible, open, and ductile to changes and evolution in comparison to other networks [41].
Cellular Communications and Wireless Standards
Published in Mário Marques da Silva, Cable and Wireless Networks, 2018
The first generation (1G) of cellular networks was analog, having been deployed between 1980 and 1992. 1G included a myriad of cellular systems, namely the total access communication system, the advanced mobile phone system, and the Nordic mobile telephony, among others. These systems were of low reliability, low capacity, low performance, and without roaming capability between different networks and countries. The multiple access technique adopted was frequency division multiple access (FDMA), where signals of different users are transmitted in different (orthogonal) frequency bands.
Introduction to Wireless Networks: Evolving Communication Technology
Published in Liansheng Tan, Resource Allocation and Performance Optimization in Communication Networks and the Internet, 2017
Following the mobile radio telephone, namely the 0G, is the 1G technology. The term of 1G (or 1-G) refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile telecommunications). 1G is governed by the analog telecommunications standards that were launched in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G) is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G networks use digital signals.
Designing and performance evaluation of metamaterial inspired antenna for 4G and 5G applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2021
Harbinder Singh, Balwinder Singh Sohi, Amit Gupta
The scenario of mobile communication technology is upgrading from generation to generation. Only analog voice communication was supported by 1 G (First Generation) mobile communication technology while 2 G (Second Generation) use digital voice communication. In 3 G (Third Generation) in addition to digital voice service, it supports high data rate services like video telephony, video/music etc. On the other hand 4 G (Fourth Generation) technology provides high quality video and audio services (Magee, 2010). The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standard for 4 G is continuously gaining its popularity because of its high data rate support. LTE use DSP (Digital System Processor) in addition to the modulation techniques to increase the data rates and is incompatible with the 2 G and 3 G network, thus requires a separate radio spectrum (Hanzo et al., 2012). The 5 G (Fifth Generation) is the latest generation to roll out the extremely high data rates services like enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC), as well as vehicle to everything (V2X) communications in near future (Modules, 2018). The 5 G networks will significantly improve the performance over the current 4 G systems and will also offer seamless connectivity to numerous devices by integrating different technologies, intelligence, and flexibility.
A vision of 6G – 5G's successor
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2020
In 1991, companies such as Nokia introduced the second generation (2G) mobile communication devices, based on the GSM standard. Compared with the 1G standard developed by Motorola that used analog circuits, 2G used digital circuits, so cell phones were smaller and more power-efficient. 2G could send and receive text messages, roam, and provide a data transmission rate of 9.6 kbps, but it was difficult to access the Internet. Based on the data transmission rate of 9.6 kbps, 2G mobile communication equipment found it difficult to meet the increasing demand for Internet access. There were many 2G standards, including the GSM standard derived from TDMA developed in Europe, the IDEN and the IS-136 standard which appeared in the United States, the PDC standard used in Japan, and the CDMA used in Asian countries. In the IS-95 standard, these standards were not interoperable and roaming, so the call for a unified standard triggered a proposal for 3G (Letaief, Chen, Shi, Zhang, & Zhang, 2019;; Rappaport et al., 2019 Wikström et al., 2020).
NomadicBTS: Evolving cellular communication networks with software-defined radio architecture and open-source technologies
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Emmanuel Adetiba, Victor O. Matthews, Samuel N. John, Segun I. Popoola, Abdultaofeek Abayomi
The evolution of wireless communication technologies is rapid and the number of mobile devices, applications, and services is growing in an unprecedented dimension (Andrews et al., 2014; Boccardi, Heath, Lozano, Marzetta, & Popovski, 2014; Kumar, Liu, & Sengupta, 2010; Pedreno-Manresa, Khodashenas, Siddiqui, & Pavon-Marino, 2018). The evolution of wireless cellular communication started with the first-generation (1G) cellular technology. The analogue system utilizes frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and circuit switching for its operations. However, the power consumed by the system is large while the quality of calls is low (del Peral-Rosado, Raulefs, López-Salcedo, & Seco-Granados, 2017). The introduction of the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) standards marked the birth of the second-generation (2G) technology. GSM technology adopted a simplified encryption to overcome the security challenge of eavesdropping in 1G cellular systems (Kune, Koelndorfer, Hopper, & Kim, 2012). Furthermore, the third-generation (3G) technology improved the voice quality with better Quality of Service (QoS) delivered at a data rate of 2 Mbps (Honkasalo, Pehkonen, NieMi, & Leino, 2002). Continuous demand for enhanced data rate by mobile users led to the development of the fourth-generation (4G) networks which feature higher data rate of 50–100 Mbps and Internet Protocol (IP) capability (Akyildiz, Gutierrez-Estevez, & Reyes, 2010).