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Data Conversion Process
Published in Michael Olorunfunmi Kolawole, Electronics, 2020
There is a strong motivation behind exploring a novel frontier of data processing that could benefit from cutting-edge miniature and power-efficient nanostructured silicon photonic devices. Recent example is photonic accelerator (PAXEL)—a processor that can process time-serial data either in an analog or digital fashion on a real-time basis [1]. Data processing is a way of converting data into a machine-readable form using a predefined sequence of operations. Communications signals can be analog or digital, and information can be transmitted using analog or digital signals. Analog signals are continuously changing in time (or frequency), while digital signals are discrete in time and amplitude. Interchangeability of information transfer allows the development of conversion processes without loss of detail. The challenge is to achieve a high sampling rate and high conversion accuracy in the presence of component mismatch, nonlinearity errors, and noise. Although the electronic circuits required to do this conversion processing can be quite complex, the basic idea is fairly simple. The basic concepts of data conversion and their inherent errors, as well as the choice of the converter types that strongly influence the architecture of the overall system, which are fundamental to the continuing revolution in information technology and communication systems, are explained in this chapter.
Implementation of Digital Control Using Digital Signal Processors
Published in Ali Emadi, Alireza Khaligh, Zhong Nie, Young Joo Lee, and Digital Control, 2017
Ali Emadi, Alireza Khaligh, Zhong Nie, Young Joo Lee
A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is used to convert the digital operation results into analog signals, which is a final process of digital signal processing. In addition, DAC is useful in monitoring the internal calculation results in almost real time. The software developer is able to trace the calculation results from control routines by watching the oscilloscope. In order to store user parameters in the control system, EEPROMs are frequently used. When internal EEPROM is not available, the designer adds external EEPROMs to DSP chips or μ-controllers. Introducing DAC and EEPROM with serial interfaces reduces the number of wires in connecting DSP chips with external devices. Many DSP chip or μ-controller programmers use the JTAG port to download and emulate the user program on the basis of the boundary scan technology. For a software developer’s convenience, many DSP chip and μ-controller manufacturers provide a JTAG port on their products as well as a JTAG downloader and emulator. Figure 16.18 shows the schematic for serial interface of DAC, EEPROM, and JTAG.
Ideal Operational Amplifier
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Circuit Analysis with PSpice, 2017
An operational amplifier, or op amp in short, is an electronic device that was commonly used in analog computers in the 1950s, before the advent of digital computers. Operational amplifiers are so called because they were at the heart of various building blocks that performed mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, differentiation, and integration. These building blocks were used to solve differential equations on analog computers. Nowadays, op amps of high performance and low cost are widely available in integrated-circuit (IC) form, which makes them an important building block in a variety of signal-processing applications. In electric circuits, op amps are used in active filters. They are therefore introduced in this chapter before passive filters are discussed in Chapter 14 and active filters in Chapter 15.
Acoustic Analysis of the Effects of Vapor-Liquid Interfacial Morphology on Pool-Boiling Heat Transfer
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2022
Mustafa H. Almadih, T. Almudhhi, S. Ebrahim, A. Howell, G. R. Garrett, S. M. Bajorek, F. B. Cheung
The sound wave signals that were produced from the boiling surface of the heated rod during quenching were analog signals. Signals produced or generated from natural sources, such as speech, artificial sources, and heat sources, are considered to be analog signals.14 Any continuous signal whose time-varying function is a reflection of another time-varying quantity is called an analog signal. In this study, the signals produced from the superheated rod during the quenching process are the input signals called analog signals. The hydrophone is built to record vibrating wave sounds underwater. The main goal is to record the generated sounds from the superheated rod and to convert all the analog signals into digital signals and then store them in the computer for analysis by using a data acquisition system connected to the computer through LabVIEW engineering system software for measurement (Fig. 9).
Design of high gain and high bandwidth operational transconductance amplifier (OTA)
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2022
Shikha Soni, Vandana Niranjan, Ashwni Kumar
Operational amplifier (Op-amp) is one of the elementary structural blocks in the domain of analog and mixed signal designs. These circuits are primarily designed with the intention of availing very low input offset, quite higher output impedance in order achiever superior isolation. Higher order output voltage gain, current and impedances are the characteristic design parameters intended for the desired application. The operational amplifier has a variety of applications while designing switched capacitor array circuitries, phase-locked loops (PLL), data converters, current biasing circuits and low-dropout regulator (LDO), etc. (Briseno Vidrios et al., 2018; Maity & Patra, 2017; Marx et al., 2018; Sarma et al., 2018; Sutula et al., 2016). Moreover, the escalating demand in today’s smart technological world with the intention of designing energy-efficient systems fetches the requirements for designing particularly low-power, high-speed and area-efficient circuitries (Siddhartha et al., 2010; Yavari & Moosazadeh, 2014,; Abdelfattah et al., 2015). The supply voltage reduction also results in the decrease in power consumption. Although reduction in supply voltage is not a superior technique since it results in degradation of the dynamic range of the designed circuitries and hence they experience the issues related to limiting slew rate and limited bandwidth.
MOS Amplifier Design Methodology for Optimum Performance
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2020
Abir J. Mondal, Paromita Bhattacharjee, Pinaki Chakraborty, Bidyut K. Bhattacharyya
Research concerning not only achieving the required performance measures but other factors affecting and degrading these performance measures have been done. For example, noise limits any circuit performance. It vitiates the minimum considerable quality of signal level and at the same time trades with power dissipation, speed, and linearity [6]. Analog signals which are processed by integrated circuits are affected by both device noise and environmental noise. With a focus on reducing the device noise, Ou presented a technique for noise analysis based on gm/Id design flow [7]. The process represents the extraction of two noise parameters, thermal noise coefficient and corner frequency, by incorporating them in gm/Id design methodology. However, it does not provide an understanding of the dependence of noise directly on the gm/Id parameter. Alvarez et al. also put forward a technique for noise analysis using gm/Id design flow [8]. As MOS noise has no direct relation with the ratio gm/Id, they came up with an expression for normalized noise having dependency on gm/Id. The values for de-normalization have to be then retrieved for circuit designing.