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Application of 5G/6G Smart Systems to Overcome Pandemic and Disaster Situations
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
Jayanta Kumar Ray, Sanjib Sil, Rabindranath Bera, Quazi Mohmmad Alfred
Case 1: Distance between the transmitter and the receiver is 100 ftReceived signal strength indicator (RSSI): −97.6 dBm.Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): 30.6 dB.
Antenna Design for Wireless Application
Published in Praveen Kumar Malik, Planar Antennas, 2021
The Equation 1.1 shows the communication data rate that can be improved by improving the signal to noise ratio (SNR) or bandwidth. Generally, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) can be enhanced by increasing the signal power. As several compact devices are powered by battery, so the signal power cannot be improved. Also, the potential intervention with other radio systems should be restrained. Hence to apprehend high data rate, bandwidth improvement is the best solution. Equation 1.2 is given below for the mathematical relation between distances in free space, received and transmitted power. D∝PTrPRr, where D, PTr, PRr indicate the distance, transmitted, and received power respectively.
Frequency Weighting and Filters
Published in Eddy B. Brixen, Audio Metering, 2020
The advantage is an improved signal-to-noise ratio, especially at higher frequencies. The drawback is that the curve rises endlessly toward higher frequencies. One then becomes dependent on frequency-limiting a signal during FM broadcasts among other things. In Europe, broadcasters employ a 50-μs time constant for FM transmission, whereas American stations use 75 μs.
Solar irradiation-driven synthesis of biodiesel from composite oil using biomass catalyst and process parameters optimization
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Balamurugan S, Seenivasan D, Veera Kumar A, Pritam S. Kalos
After the successful conduction of solar irradiation driven transesterification experiments, the process parameters and levels are optimized using Minitab 17 tool. The most influential parameter and level for maximum biodiesel yield is identified by main effects plot and contour plot. In this study, the optimization of solar irradiation driven transesterification reaction parameters is carried out using SN Ratios (Signal-to-Noise Ratios) method. The SNR, a type of optimization within the context of Taguchi DOE, is utilized to enhance the performance and quality of products and processes. A higher SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) indicates an improved signal-to-noise ratio, where the desired signal is more prominent, and the impact of noise-induced variation is reduced. In this study, biodiesel yield is considered as the signal, representing the desired outcome. The external parameters or uncontrollable factors that can introduce variation into the process are considered as noise. These factors are not the primary focus of the experiment but are taken into account for evaluating their impact on the outcome.
Investigation of Si 1−X GeX source dual material stacked gate oxide pocket doped hetero-junction TFET for low power and RF applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Kaushal Kumar Nigam, Piyush Yadav, Amit Kumar
Modern wireless communication systems as shown in Figure 9 require high-speed, low-cost, and compact devices. Short antennas and fast data transfer with large bandwidths are needed in the gigahertz regime. In advanced wireless systems, extremely efficient RF designs are used to handle weak signals. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) will be improved by using high-power, low-noise amplifiers. Furthermore, higher order harmonics presented in the non-linear devices create functionality and information losses, which restricts its usage for analog/RF applications Behzad Razavi (1998)-Woerlee et al. (Woerlee et al., 2001). High device integration on a single IC is needed for cost-effective, small communication devices. To accomplish this, continuous device scaling has enabled the use of MOSFETs for analog and RF applications Nauta and Annema (2005).
Bandwidth assessment of scheduled and unscheduled communication in hybrid networked control system
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2022
S M A K Azad, Srinivasan Kannan
Apart from the physical connection in wire, a connectionless internet protocol (IPv4) is implemented for the wireless domain D2 of the h-NCS. An IEEE 802.11b wireless standard with IPv4 protocol is implemented for simulation of the physical layer modelling and the performance of the throughput with the distance between the access point and the field devices are recorded in Table 2. The respective wireless links are characterised by path loss exponent of 3 and the uplink/downlink speed of 10Mbps with a bit error rate of 0.0000001. For a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver, the probability of bit error increases at the receiver. The SNR at receiver depends upon the transmission of power, the attenuation of power from the transmitter to receiver, and the noise power. The relationship between SNR and the power received is mathematically expressed in (11) and (12) respectively.