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Introduction
Published in Heqing Zhu, Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK), 2020
ASIC and FPGA have been widely used in packet processing. Hardware developers are required to implement the chip and use the chip. An ASIC is an integrated circuit designed for special purpose. This integrated circuit is designed and manufactured based on the specific requirements of target systems. ASIC is designed for specific users’ needs; it needs the large-volume production to afford the high R&D cost; it is smaller in size; and it has lower power consumption, high reliability and performance, and reduced cost, in comparison with the general-purpose processor. ASIC’s shortcomings are also obvious: not flexible, not scalable, high development costs, and long development cycles. ASIC leads to the development of the popular accelerators such as crypto and signal processing. Combining ASIC with the general-purpose processors will lead into SoC that provides heterogeneous processing capability. In general, the dedicated board design is needed to use ASIC.
Technology Needs for Modular Pixel Detectors
Published in Salah Awadalla, Krzysztof Iniewski, Solid-State Radiation Detectors, 2017
In comparison, the digital signal-processing side of the measurement chain can benefit from the rapid development of deep submicron processes. Science applications have used 0.25, 0.18, and 0.135 μm, and are now using 65 nm [19] and proposing 22 nm technologies for digital components. These technologies are well suited to high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) architectures and to very fast data manipulation for data sparsification and packaging. The technologies have their own limitations in terms of gate-oxide thickness, noise, and cost. The nanometer gate oxides and small interdevice distances reduce the power supply range and can introduce noise problems. A major practical problem is the cost of a mask set and engineering wafer batch, and also the design complexity, which increases design engineer costs. A full ASIC development can easily cost over EUR 1,000,000 and extend over 2 years, which can be a significant problem for the budget of some scientific experiments.
Nanoelectromechanical Systems Secure FPGA and Security Primitives
Published in Mark Tehranipoor, Domenic Forte, Garrett S. Rose, Swarup Bhunia, Security Opportunities in Nano Devices and Emerging Technologies, 2017
Philip X.-L. Feng, Swarup Bhunia
FPGAs are integrated circuits that are prefabricated to be electrically programmed and configured in the field to serve individual users' different needs for digital circuits or systems [31]. The key feature of FPGAs compared to application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) is the reconfigurability or programmability. The FPGA is able to implement a new function on the chip after it is fabricated by the manufacturers. Because of this feature, FPGAs are often preferred in situations that call for low-volume units with lower cost and shorter time to deployment, as compared to ASICs that would normally require more time and invest to develop a prototype. However, in order to have a fully flexible circuit that can be configured to satisfy all the needs from various users, today's FPGAs are significantly larger, slower, and more power consuming than their ASIC counterparts. At the device level, the fundamental cause of these limitations lies in the structure of the FPGAs.
A Review on HT Attacks in PLD and ASIC Designs with Potential Defence Solutions
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2018
G. Sumathi, L. Srivani, D. Thirugnana Murthy, K. Madhusoodanan, S.A.V. Satya Murty
Over the past few decades, programmable logic devices (PLD) such as complex PLDs (CPLD) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are extensively used as the basic building modules in most digital systems due to their robust features such as high density, field re-programmability, and faster time-to-market. In addition, usage of PLDs in a design reduces discrete integrated circuits (IC) population and the associated interconnections on the printed circuit board. This, in turn, increases the reliability of PLD-based systems. However, when features such as unit cost, speed, power are considered, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) are most suitable devices. They also address the problem of fast obsolescence associated with PLDs. To develop digital systems with any such devices, the designer relies more on the outsourced intellectual property (IP) cores, commercial electronic design automation (EDA) tools, and offshore fabrication services, which in turn introduce more third-party involvement in the design. An adversary may use any of these opportunities to embed malicious circuitry or introduce design alterations. Hence, the logics are highly vulnerable to malicious attacks popularly known as hardware Trojans (HT).