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The emergence of information technology: A state of practice report
Published in F.B.J. Barends, J. Lindenberg, H.J. Luger, L. de Quelerij, A. Verruijt, Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Infrastructure, 2017
Software contains the instructions, which that tell a computer what to do. Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a computer system. A set of instructions that directs a computer’s hardware to perform a task is called a program, or software program. The two main types of software are system software and application software. System software controls a computer’s internal functioning, chiefly through an operating system and also controls such peripherals as monitors, printers, and storage devices. Application software, by contrast, directs the computer to execute commands given by the user and may be said to include any program that processes data for a user. Application software thus includes word processors, spreadsheets, database management, inventory and payroll programs, and many other ‘applications’. A third software category is that of network software, which co-ordinates communication between the computers linked in a network.
Computer Software and Operation
Published in Norman A. Anderson, Instrumentation for Process Measurement and Control, 2017
By definition, software is the collection of programs and routines associated with a computer. The first working process computer became operational in 1958. These routines involve other programs such as compilers, library routines, input/output (I/O) device handlers, plus various other devices shown in Figure 18-1. This figure is termed a software configuration. The computer performs many tasks in decimal parts of one thousandth of a second. While it is extremely fast, it can do only one thing at a time; therefore, an executive program is provided to control the order in which tasks will be accomplished. This is called a priority schedule. Under the control of the executive are process I/O service handler programs, terminal I/O handler programs, and application programs such as scanning, alarming, controlling, and logging. Thus, the executive is both a manager and a traffic director.
Test and Evaluation of Distributed Data and Information Fusion Systems and Processes
Published in David L. Hall, Chee-Yee Chong, James Llinas, Martin Liggins, Distributed Data Fusion for Network-Centric Operations, 2013
James Llinas, Christopher Bowman, Kedar Sambhoos
We are discussing here automated DDIFSs, where the core technical and functional capabilities are enabled in software, so another core issue in thinking about DDIFS T&E is the domain of software testing. By and large, software testing is the process of executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors. Software is not unlike other physical or functional processes where inputs are received and outputs are produced, but where software differs is in the manner in which software processes fail. Most physical systems fail in a fixed and bounded set of ways. By contrast, software, ironically because of a wide variety of interdependencies (analogous to DDIFSs in the large), can fail in many bizarre ways. Detecting all of the different failure modes for software is generally infeasible because the complexity of software is generally intractable. Unlike most physical systems, most of the defects in software are design errors, and once the software is shipped, the design defects—or bugs—will be buried in and remain latent until activation.
Extending data-driven model of software with software change request service
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2018
Zeljko Stojanov, Dalibor Dobrilovic, Jelena Stojanov
Software maintenance mainly relates to modifications of software systems after their delivery into target environments. Most of the costs of software systems occur in the maintenance phase of software life cycle (Jones 2010; Sommerville 2011; Concas et al. 2013; Bourque and Fairley 2014; Ulziit et al. 2015). Sousa (1998) reported that only 2.7% of specialists involved in software maintenance activities considered software maintenance process as being very efficient, while 70.2% of them thought that maintenance process has a very low efficiency level. According to Sousa, the costs and the complexity of maintenance are the consequences of the complexity of change requests, the complexity of systems to be changed or the lack of qualified software maintainers. In the practice, users expect software systems that are reliable and easy to maintain, while software development organizations see important economic benefits from maintenance. Users usually initiate maintenance activities by issuing maintenance requests that relate to: identified problems within software systems, enhancements of software systems, or adaptation of software systems to new conditions in environments (Junio et al. 2011; Sommerville 2011). In any case, the fundamental process in software maintenance relates to modification of software, and in that case maintenance request is named modification request or change request (which is adopted in this approach).
Determinants of adoption for open-source office applications: A plural investigation
Published in Information Systems Management, 2018
Sumedha Chauhan, Mahadeo Jaiswal, Sumita Rai, Luvai Motiwalla, Leo Pipino
Computer software is broadly categorized as either system or application software. System software (operating systems, utilities, etc.) or back-office software is generally used by IT staff, while application software (office suites, email, etc.) or front-office software is often used by end-users to execute business processes. Whereas earlier, only OSS in the system software category was considered mature and familiar—and hence was better accepted and researched (Ven & Verelst, 2011)—today OSS in the application software category is also considered a reliable and mature alternative to proprietary software (Kundu, 2013). Several vendors such as Alfresco, Liferay, Sendmail, SugarCRM, and OpenBravo provide customer support for their open-source application software for a fee. In this article, we use the term “open-source office applications” (OSOA) for vendor-supported OSS in the application software category. Table 1 describes the differences between OSS and OSOA.
Importance of positive emotions in software developers’ performance: a narrative review
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2022
Riba Maria Kurian, Shinto Thomas
Software development is a planned and systematic process that employs specific programming languages to create computer software products (IT Chronicles 2020). It is a multistage process with complicated interactions across the stages (Meyer et al. 2021). The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) includes the tasks that are performed at each step in the software development process—it is a framework used to design, develop, and test high quality software according to the requirements of clients within given timeframes and cost estimates; the different stages included in the SDLC are planning of the project, analysing/defining requirements and designing project architecture, development and implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance (Shylesh 2017).