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Crude Oil
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
The actual in-situ shale oil extraction process is fairly simple: find the shale oil vain, drill holes into it, insert pipes along its width, heat the pipes—which in turn heat the frozen shale oil around them—and pump the liquid oil out.
Montmorillonite swelling properties with various surfactants based on molecular simulation
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Ying Liu, Guangsheng Cao, Qingchao Cheng, Yujie Bai, Ning Zhang, Shengbo Zhai
The main component of shale oil reservoir clay in Daqing oilfield is sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT). The clay swelling is extremely harmful to the reservoir during tight oil and shale oil extraction, and even if a small amount of clay is present, it will cause swelling when exposed to water and block the pore channels for oil and gas transport,[1,2] which largely affects the crude oil recovery.[3] Now, tight oil production has begun to enter the stage of widespread use of surfactant imbibition. Imbibition refers to the use of surfactants to reduce the oil-water interface tension and improve the wettability of underground pore walls, so that oil can be migrated from pores.[4–6] When surfactant imbibition fluid is injected into the underground environment, the active surfactant components may interact with the underground clay, causing changes in the structure of clay minerals and affecting reservoir permeability.[7–9] At present, there is still a lack of microscopic mechanism of the interaction between clay phase and different surfactants, so it is not possible to systematically analyze the influence of different types of surfactant on the reservoir.
Mesoporous carbon xerogel material for the adsorption of model naphthenic acids: structure effect and kinetics modelling
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Yara Rashed, Selamawit Ashagre Messele, Hongbo Zeng, Mohamed Gamal El-Din
As unconventional reserves become economically viable through emerging technologies, the stress on fresh water resources becomes more severe with a growing concern of contamination due to a substantial rise in wastewater production. For instance, the shale oil extraction process can use up to 4 million litres of water during the drilling stage followed by 7–18 million litres of water for hydraulic fracturing (fracking), with up to 40% of fracking water discharging out of the well as flowback wastewater [1]. Flowback wastewater has become an increasing problem due to its significant concentration of salts, metals such as iron, oil, greases, soluble organic compounds, and high concentration of dissolved organic matter including surfactants and acetic acids [1,2].
Review of Fracturing Techniques (Microwaves, High-Voltage Pulses, and Cryogenic Fluids) for Application as Access Creation Method in Low-Permeability Hard Rocks for Potential in situ Metal Recovery
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
Sahar Kafashi, Laura Kuhar, Andrej Bóna, Aleksandar N. Nikoloski
Liquid helium (L-He) can be used as fracturing fluid and has recently been investigated due to potential benefits of using an inert (non-reactive) fluid. Helium’s diffusion rate through solids is extremely high, negating the need for solvents in the process and the volume rises 757 times when heated from liquid to gas. This property can create the pressure needed for creating cracks and at the same time avoid the need to recover the helium because it converts to gas after it has been heated by the hot reservoir rocks. Chimera Energy Corp has claimed the non-hydraulic shale oil extraction method as a game changer; however, there is little information available to verify this statement. (Liew at al. 2020).