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The Hydrosphere and Water Chemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Groundwater is water contained below ground in porous aquifers (Figure 2.5). Most groundwater infiltrates from the surface where it has fallen as precipitation. A key measure of groundwater availability is the level of the water table, which is defined by the depth of the surface of water that stands in a well drilled into the aquifer. Groundwater is a major source of municipal water supplies, and in some rural areas, it is the only source of water. On average, approximately 190 billion L/day of groundwater is used for irrigation in the United States.
Flow through saturated porous media
Published in Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena, Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources for Civil Engineers, 2021
Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena
Groundwater is an important source of water used in municipal and domestic water supply, irrigation and industrial use. On a long-term basis, it is replenished by rainfall and other sources of surface water. The movement of groundwater is slow as it flows through the soil which is a porous medium. The study of flow through saturated porous media is therefore an important area for hydrologists and water resources engineers.
Water Resources Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
In hydrogeology, groundwater flow is defined as the “part of stream flow that has infiltrated the ground, has entered the phreatic zone, and has been discharged into a stream channel, via springs or seepage water.” It is governed by the groundwater flow equation. Groundwater is water that is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand, and rocks. An area where water fills these spaces is called a phreatic zone or saturated zone. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through the layers of soil, sand, and rocks called aquifers. The rate of groundwater flow depends on the permeability (the size of the spaces in the soil or rocks and how well the spaces are connected) and the hydraulic head (water pressure).
Strength and permeation characteristics of pervious concrete subjected to accelerated carbonation curing
Published in Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 2023
Gaganjot Singh Sidhu, Himanshu Guleria, Devender Sharma, Shweta Goyal
Another major concern for sustainable development is the increased stress on the water resources, especially groundwater. Developing countries like India even with abundance of running water depend largely on groundwater for all the major needs. Drinking water, irrigation and industrial manufacturing are some purposes for which groundwater are used. It has been reported recently that per capita groundwater availability in India has reduced by 70% over the last 50 years [21]. Pervious concrete is sought as a remedial measure to replenish groundwater levels. Pervious concrete is environmentally friendly material with no or hardly any fine aggregate and is used as pavement material which allows underground water to pass through it. Pervious concrete offers many advantages such as good drainage, higher noise absorption, conservation of natural aggregates and fixate heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd) [22], which can lead to ground water contamination. Due to this, pervious concrete has been considered as environment-friendly material by EPA of the United States [23]. However, due to the lower strength of pervious concrete, its application has been limited to parking lots, sidewalks, parks, and low traffic volume roads [18, 19].
Prediction of non-carcinogenic health risk using Hybrid Monte Carlo-machine learning approach
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2023
Santanu Mallik, Saikat Das, Abhigyan Chakraborty, Umesh Mishra, Swapan Talukdar, Somnath Bera, G. V. Ramana
Groundwater is an important source of water for both the ecosystem and human beings, located underground in the spaces between soil, sand, and rock. However, increased demand for groundwater has led to depletion of water tables, high evaporation rates, water security issues, and seawater intrusion (Wang et al. 2019; Marghade et al. 2021). Additionally, various natural and human activities can contaminate groundwater, causing harm to water quality and posing serious health risks (Mallik et al. 2021; El Mountassir et al. 2022). High levels of heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, and cadmium, as well as nonmetals like nitrate and fluoride, can make groundwater unsafe to drink and cause various health problems, including methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) in infants, cancer, cardiovascular and reproductive disorders, thyroid dysfunctions, and kidney dysfunction (Muhammad et al. 2010; Hossain and Patra 2020; Rahman et al. 2020; Nawale et al. 2021; Raja et al. 2021).
Evaluation and speciation of heavy metals in the soil of the Sub Urban Region of Southern India
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
M. Sinduja, V. Sathya, M. Maheswari, P. Dhevagi, P. Kalpana, G. K. Dinesh, Shiv Prasad
The research area is situated in southwestern parts of the Vellore District of Tamil Nadu, covering around 781 sq. km (Figure 1). The temperature ranges from 18.2 to 36.8°C, with the hottest months being May and June. These regions lie in a part of the Palar river basin, and the drainage pattern is dendritic to semi-dendritic in nature. Generally, the climatic condition of this area is arid to semi-arid. Hence, groundwater is used for drinking, domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. The lithology of this region consists of three rocks, namely, Archean crystalline rocks (granite, epidote, hornblende gneiss), sedimentary rock (90%), and hard rock (10%). In addition, hornblende, Muscovite, Pyroxene, Plagioclase, Quartz, Microcline, and Biotite have been observed in the region (Figure 2).