China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The New Symbiotic Architecture
Published in Kyoung Hee Kim, Microalgae Building Enclosures, 2022
The use of traditional systems for the treatment of wastewater is very expensive and requires intensive energy in terms of operation and investment. Surface runoff exceeds treatment capacity resulting in sanitary sewer overflows. Examples of sanitary sewer overflow causes are blockage or broken sewer lines or excessive storm water into sewer lines. Wastewater from the building sector contains large concentrations of water contaminants such as organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other trace elements including carbon, calcium, potassium, and iron. The wastewater needs to be treated before being discharged into waterbodies to avoid damaging the water’s ecosystem. Wastewater treatment technology includes chemical treatment, biological treatment, and electrocoagulation.
Glossary of Terms
Published in Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont, Water Resource Management Issues, 2019
Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont
sanitary sewer: a pipe network that carries wastewater from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants, and institutions, together with minor quantities of groundwater, stormwater, and surface waters that unintentionally enter the system to a wastewater treatment plant for treatment prior to discharge to the environment.
Evaluation of Water and Its Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Municipal wastewater is usually conveyed in a combined sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a wastewater treatment plant. Treated wastewater is discharged into receiving water via an effluent sewer. Wastewaters generated in areas without access to centralized sewer systems rely on on-site wastewater systems. These typically comprise a septic tank, a drain field, and optionally an on-site treatment unit.
A scoping review on Water Sensitive Urban Design aims and achievements
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Samira Rashetnia, Ashok K Sharma, Anthony R Ladson, Dale Browne, Ehsan Yaghoubi
The effectiveness of RWH systems was assessed for reduction of base and peak flow in separate and CSS and around a 50% reduction was reported in peak flow rates (Memon et al. 2009). Even separate sanitary sewer system (SSS) can overflow when collection system capacity is exceeded due to wet weather resulting from inflow and infiltration of stormwater runoff into sewers (US EPA 2014). The application of rainwater tanks to reduce the sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) for a case study sewer network in Melbourne was assessed through modelling and it was observed that tanks could reduce the SSO volume by a maximum of 33% with 100% homes having rain tanks. A generalised framework for the assessment of impacts of intense rainfall on sanitary sewers and the mitigation through the adoption of WSUD approaches was presented for the benefit of wider water professionals (Nasrin, Muttil, and Sharma 2016; Nasrin, Sharma, and Muttil 2017).
The role of green stormwater infrastructure in flood mitigation (Detroit, MI USA) – case study
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2020
Jamie Steis Thorsby, Carol J. Miller, Lara Treemore-Spears
Detroit, like the surrounding southeast Michigan, is relatively flat, with an elevation change of approximately 33 meters from its high point to low point. The City’s natural drainage splits between the Rouge River and the Detroit River, but nearly all tributaries were placed into pipes and buried prior to the 1960s. The City’s sewerage is a combined sanitary and storm system. During dry weather, this provides added treatment of surficial water, but during wet weather, combined sewage is discharged into both rivers and eventually goes to Lake Erie. Precipitation in the Midwest has increased in recent years (Dai et al. 2016), which has caused increased strain on the stormwater system. In 2018, Great Lakes Water Authority, which collects and treats most of the sewer from southeast Michigan, discharged 7,275 million liters of untreated sewage and 51,568 million liters of treated sewage, highlighting the need for additional stormwater management (Michigan EGLE, 2018). Because the sanitary sewer and the rainwater runoff use the same pipes, large rain events cause sewage backflow into people’s houses if the system cannot handle high flows during storms.
Optimal urban sewer layout design using Steiner tree problems
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2019
Machine Hsie, Ming-Yen Wu, Chun Yen Huang
A sewer network system collects and transports wastewater by gravity from residential areas to sewage treatment plants using main sewer collection pipes. A sewer system design generally comprises an adapted sanitary sewer network layout based on the population of the region, the local topography of the planning area and the hydraulic design. In general, sewers are designed as open trenches. According to the optimal design principle, the sewer should be at the flattest acceptable slope and should be as close as possible to the ground surface to satisfy the self-cleaning requirements and obtain the minimum burial depth for pipe protection (Ebtehaj, Bonakdari, and Sharifi 2014). The sewer layout optimization procedure involves selecting an optimal combination of sewer pipes from a network set that has possible connectable pipes under the objective function. The factors influencing the optimal sewer layout problems are the direction, length, slope and elevation of the connected pipe; the trench width; and the topography within the sewer layout area. Because these factors influence the total pipe construction costs, including the trench cutting cost (measured by pipe lengths, ground surface elevations, trench earth cutting depths, slopes and trench widths) and pipe cost (measured by pipe lengths) for a sewer layout, this study formed an objective function that contained a combination of these factors for ensuring the minimal sewer layout design cost. Moreover, the model can generate Steiner nodes by applying most of the OARSMT concept forming the optimal sewer layout design. The considerations and assumptions are specified in the following optimization model development procedure.