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Best Management Practices as an Alternative Approach for Urban Flood Control
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
For centuries, urban stormwater management has been accomplished through either separate or combined stormwater sewer systems. The separate stormwater sewer system uses storm drains and pipes to convey runoff directly toward receiving water bodies. The combined stormwater system transports stormwater to a sanitary wastewater treatment plant for pollutant reduction before discharging to adjacent water bodies. As urban land development and flood damage costs grew, many developed countries built temporary stormwater storage structures for combined systems to prevent runoff overload and associated undesired releases of untreated sewage during high volume events. However, growing expenditures for ever more subsurface storage structures ultimately were seen as unsustainable. Stormwater management alternatives such as source-control BMPs have been increasingly preferred. Source-control measures that infiltrate water close to where the rain falls reduce runoff volumes and their attendant pollutant loads at a fraction of the cost of downstream engineered structures (Barbosa et al., 2012).
Water Resources Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
The storm sewer or storm drain or surface water drain/sewer is a system designed to carry rainfall runoff and other drainage. It is not designed to carry sewage or accept hazardous wastes. The runoff is carried in underground pipes or open ditches and discharges untreated into local streams, rivers and other surface water bodies. Storm sewer inlets are typically found in curbs and low-lying outdoor areas. Some older buildings have basement floor drains that connect to the storm sewer system.
U.S. Epa’S Manual of Practice for the Investigation of Crossconnection Pollution Into Storm Drainage Systems
Published in Richard Field, Marie L. O’Shea, Kee Kean Chin, Integrated Stormwater Management, 1993
Richard Field, Marie L. O’Shea, Kee Kean Chin
As storm drain discharges are often significantly polluted by stormwater alone, the illicit and/or inappropriate discharge of additional wastes into the storm drains can lead to serious water pollution problems. The addition of sanitary wastewaters increases both the concentrations of organic (oxygen demanding) solids and nutrients and the densities of pathogenic microorganisms in the stormwater outfall discharges. Similarly, the discharge of industrial wastewaters and wastes into storm drains can substantially increase the concentrations of many toxic pollutants, e.g., heavy metals and organics. In general, many studies have shown annual discharge loadings from stormwater outfalls to be greatly affected by dry-weather entries.1-3
State of the art on the hydraulic properties of pervious concrete
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Khaled Seifeddine, Sofiane Amziane, Evelyne Toussaint
Conventional pavements cover a large portion of urban areas where land is used for transportation (sidewalks, roads, parking lots, playgrounds, commercial plazas, etc.) (Kia et al., 2021). These conventional pavements are generally impermeable, so excess urban irrigation water and rainwater are directed into storm drains, instead of filtering into the ground (Younes et al., 2020). The intensity of stormwater runoff, and of the associated pollution, increases with increasing surface area covered by impermeable coatings (Bertrand-Krajewski, 2006); this can also lower the water table and disrupt the natural water cycle (Azzout et al., 1994). In some countries with rapid urban development, impermeable surface coatings are contributing to increasingly frequent and intense flooding (Lee et al., 2021). Plainly, to address these problems, sustainable stormwater management is of prime importance in urban development strategy.
The role of green stormwater infrastructure in flood mitigation (Detroit, MI USA) – case study
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2020
Jamie Steis Thorsby, Carol J. Miller, Lara Treemore-Spears
The location of this study site was selected for several reasons. First, it is located within the Upper Rouge Tunnel area in Detroit, a section of the sewer system that is known for drainage issues and experiencing flooding (DWSD, 2013). Field visits confirmed these issues with numerous areas in the study area experiencing street flooding during storms. Second, this area was specifically chosen because of its position within the drainage system, which reduced the number of necessary assumptions and simplified the modeling. The study area had only two model boundary conditions and it could be assumed with high confidence that the water flowed in one direction. Other areas within the system were looped and had more flow direction uncertainties depending on rainfall. The study area had some infiltration potential, with loamy sand, sandy loam, and sand compromising most of the soil immediately below the surface (Soil Survey Staff, 2017). Most of the catch basins in the study area had at least some surface blockage due to trash, leaves, and/or debris and a third of the catch basins in the study area had blockages at street level that were equal to or greater than 50%. A catch basin is defined as a storm drain designed to drain excess rainwater from impervious surfaces. All of the catch basins in the study area were known to connect to sewer lines that ranged from approximately 0.3 to 0.9 meters that directed both storm and sanitary drainage to a larger sewer main that ranged from 2.8 to 2.9 meters and directed the flow to an interceptor.
A framework for assessing flood risk responses of a densely urbanized watershed, to support urban planning decisions
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2023
Antonio Krishnamurti Beleño de Oliveira, Lucas Magalhães Carneiro Alves, Carolina Lopes Carvalho, Assed Naked Haddad, Paulo Canedo de Magalhães, Marcelo Gomes Miguez
Thorne, Lawson, Ozawa, et al. (2018) highlight that green and blue infrastructure can help to extend the useful life of old gray assets, bringing multifunctional characteristics to the system. The traditional infrastructure approach is generally based on impermeable pavements and direct drainage rapidly conveying discharges through storm drains and artificial channels to receiving water bodies (Johnson, 2013). This type of infrastructure heavily driven by concrete works is usually called gray infrastructure Thus, green and blue infrastructure can be combined with the traditional gray infrastructure to optimize the drainage system and offer the best of flood risk reduction, continuous service delivery, and other benefits (Thorne, Lawson, Ozawa, et al., 2018).