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Conventional systems for urban sanitation and wastewater management in middle- and high-income countries
Published in Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto, Megan Farrelly, Routledge Handbook of Urban Water Governance, 2023
To properly design sanitation systems, it is important to understand what is being managed and why. Urban sanitation systems typically manage a number of different flows of wastewater within the urban area. Wastewater is the collective term applied to the used water and other liquid waste fractions, including excreta, generated by a community. There are two main sources of wastewater – domestic and industrial. Domestic wastewater includes human excreta (urine and faeces) and water that has been used for washing and cleaning, referred to as greywater. Industrial wastewater is the discarded water from industrial processing of, e.g., food products, textiles, paper, metals, or chemicals. Depending on the industry, the qualities of industrial wastewater can be vastly different. Depending on the design of the urban sanitation and drainage systems, stormwater may also be managed with the wastewater.
Microalgal Metal Remediation from Industrial Wastewater
Published in Shashi Kant Bhatia, Sanjeet Mehariya, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Anna Aksmann, Wojciech Pokora, Agnieszka Baścik-Remisiewicz, Martyna Zalewska
Industrial wastewater is regarded as one of the main sources of environmental pollution (Munter, 2003; Crini and Lichtfouse, 2018) and can be categorized by various properties such as total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen, hardness, pH, color, etc. Industrial wastewaters differ in their composition depending on the type of industry, e.g., effluents from olive mills, wineries, and pulp mills, are loaded mainly with natural organic substances that can be biodegradable or recyclable, whereas effluents from the metallurgical industry, chemical industry, textile manufacturing, power plants, petroleum refining, etc. are heavily loaded with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mutagenic aromatic amines, and metals, including the most toxic ones, i.e., heavy metals (HM) (see Table 5.1 below). Therefore, disposing of industrial wastewaters, without proper treatment, to the water environment can be harmful to aquatic life.
Polymeric Membranes and Their Applications
Published in Mihir Kumar Purkait, Randeep Singh, Membrane Technology in Separation Science, 2018
Mihir Kumar Purkait, Randeep Singh
Polymeric membranes, because of their high efficiency and low cost, come out to be a suitable solution to control water pollution. The problems associated with the polymeric membranes, including low life span and low chemical, thermal, and mechanical resistance, are trying to be eliminated by extensive research and studies. Membrane researchers have put a lot of effort into the betterment of both the flux, selectivity, and antifouling nature of the polymeric membranes. Many new methods and materials are developed for the modification of polymeric membranes for imparting improved properties to the polymeric membranes. Membranes like composite and mixed matrix are developed to mend the limitations of the polymeric membranes. Membranes are modified by taking ideas from nature for the fabrication of bioinspired polymeric membranes with improved properties of permeation, selectivity, and antifouling. This will help in the increased sustainable and economical reuse of the industrial wastewaters. Thus, industries can be made self-dependent to an extent for their water needs.
Nickel adsorption from waters onto Fe3O4/sugar beet pulp nanocomposite
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Sayed Mohammad Osman Sadat, Sezen Kucukcongar, Mehmet Turkyilmaz
Environmental pollution especially water resources pollution has become important problem with the development of industrialization and rapidly increasing population. Discharging untreated or insufficiently treated domestic and industrial wastewaters into water resources results in the deterioration of the general quality of the water over the years. Industrial wastewaters, which contain high concentrations of toxic compounds, persistent or hardly degradable substances, pose a greater danger than domestic wastewater. Toxic substances, especially heavy metals, in industrial wastewater significantly affect the aquatic life. Nickel, which is commercially available in different forms, has a wide range of uses such as buildings, infrastructures, communication, energy production, food preparation industry, silver refinery, electroplating industry according to its chemical and physical properties (Genchi et al.2020; Henckens and Worrell 2020; Noman et al.2022; Sundararaju et al.2022).
Establishing the process kinetics and appraising model predictive behavior for coagulation treatment of tannery industry wastewater
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2022
M. Magesh Kumar, A. Sakthi Saravanan
Most of the tannery wastewater treatment studies are focused in the removal of chromium, reduction in biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Less importance is given for studying the degradation mechanism and removal kinetics of coloring agents in tannery wastewater but these coloring impurities also affect the quality of the ecosystem like other pollutants. The use of chemical coagulants can generate secondary pollutants and cause health ailments. Hence there is a need for plant based green coagulants to replace the conventional chemical coagulants. Majority of the wastewater treatment studies are focusing on the removal of targeted pollutants from effluent stream and testing the efficiency of newly identified coagulants. Literature survey reveals that less weightage is given for kinetic study but it is important to analyze the rate of floc formation, understand settling characteristics and identify the conditions for floc stability. There is a knowledge gap in wastewater treatment domain to estimate coagulation kinetic parameters. The treatment of real industrial wastewater is challenging because of their complex characteristics and presence of different contaminants. Thus the aim of this work is framed to study the potential of MO seed natural coagulant in the removal of color from raw tannery wastewater, recognize the predominant process variables, understand the process kinetics and identify a suitable process model.
Preparation and characterization of ultrafiltration membranes from PPSU-PES polymer blend for dye removal
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2021
Dalia Muthana Al-Ani, Faris H. Al-Ani, Qusay F. Alsalhy, Salah S. Ibrahim
Industrial wastewater treatment is one of the most important means of protecting the water environment from chemical and physical pollution. Most industrial wastewater contains various chemical compounds, which varies by industry. Dyes are utilized to a large extent in many industries, including plastic, rubber, paper, textile, and cosmetic industries. There are more than 10,000 commercial pigments and dyes available and more than 700,000 tons are manufactured every year worldwide (Garg et al. 2004). The dyes are commonly used to color cellulosic fibers (e.g.cotton). However, coloring with reactive dyes generally causes environmental problems (Jiraratananon et al. 2000). The strict environmental laws restrict the discharge of these effluents into rivers, streams, or any receiver without proper treatment. Many chemical and physical processes have been utilized for the decolorization and refinement of dyeing from wastewater, such as coagulation, adsorption, chemical degradation, and biodegradation (Al-Degs et al. 2008). Toxic and nonbiodegradable dyes discharged into stream water can lead to increasing pollutant concentrations and environmental risks. Moreover, under anaerobic conditions, dyes can degrade to more dangerous elements. As a result, the pollutant concentration will be higher and water quality will be degraded permanently (Damardji et al. 2009).