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Energy Use and Environmental Impact
Published in B K Bala, Energy Systems Modeling and Policy Analysis, 2022
Emissions of solids are described in two categories: suspended solids and dissolved solids. Suspended solids are materials that are mixed into water but not dissolved, such as slurries of mud, sand, ash or other particles, while dissolved solids include salts and other materials in solution in effluents and in bodies of water receiving the pollutants. Suspended solids reduce the visibility and penetration of sunlight into water, potentially affecting the behavior of fish and other species, and reducing the productivity of marine and aquatic plants. Depending on the nature of the suspended material, suspended solids can also affect water chemistry, as can dissolved solids. Both types of water emissions can affect humans through their impact on drinking water quality and on the quality of water used for recreation and industrial purposes.
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Published in Igor Linkov, Emily Moberg, Benjamin D. Trump, Boris Yatsalo, Jeffrey M. Keisler, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 2020
Igor Linkov, Emily Moberg, Benjamin D. Trump, Boris Yatsalo, Jeffrey M. Keisler
Dredging activities, by definition, disturb the benthic sediment in channels. Mechanical destruction of benthic structures and biota (e.g. clams) may result, as well as increased turbidity (i.e. suspension of soil particles in the water column). Entrainment (or entrapment) of aquatic organisms within dredges is also of concern (Dickerson et al. 1998). Suspended solids in the water column can result in decreased light penetration, which in turn can affect the ability of plants to photosynthesize and can impair the ability of sight-feeding fish to feed. In some cases, suspended sediments can abrade fish gills and also cause difficulties for filter feeders. When the suspended solids resettle, they can smother any surviving benthic organisms, including macro-invertebrates or fish eggs. Suspended sediments can also raise the water temperature (by absorbing more of the sun’s energy), which is a problem for some cold-water-affiliated aquatic organisms. The destruction of bottom structure by dredging, in addition to uprooting benthic dwellers, may also make the surface inhospitable to organisms that need specific structures, like sandbars, for reproduction.
Drinking Water Monitoring
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Drinking Water Handbook, 2017
Total solids are dissolved solids plus suspended and settleable solids in water. In stream water, dissolved solids consist of calcium, chlorides, nitrate, phosphorus, iron, sulfur, and other ions—particles that will pass through a filter with pores of around 2 μm (0.002 cm) in size. Suspended solids include silt and clay particles, plankton, algae, fine organic debris, and other particulate matter. These are particles that will not pass through a 2-μm filter. The concentration of total dissolved solids affects the water balance in the cells of aquatic organisms. An organism placed in water with a very low level of solids (distilled water, for example) swells because water tends to move into its cells, which have a higher concentration of solids. An organism placed in water with a high concentration of solids shrinks somewhat, because the water in its cells tends to move out. This in turn affects the ability of the organism to maintain the proper cell density, which makes keeping its position in the water column difficult. It might float up or sink down to a depth to which it is not adapted, and it might not survive.
Biogas from confectionery wastewater with the application of ultrasound pre-treatment
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Nivedha Ramanathan RM, Balasubramanian N, Chithra K
Of the numerous techniques employed today, a widely popular and constructive approach includes the conversion of organic waste to bio-fertilizer/biogas. This process is effectively employed to treat high strength organic effluents, leading to the stabilization and transformation of organic waste to bio-fertilizer, biogas production (Bajaj and Winter 2013). Biogas, mainly composed of methane, can be combusted to produce heat and electricity. Much work has been done in the generation of biogas from various substrates such as farm animal waste (Abdeshahian et al. 2016; Khalil et al. 2019), agricultural products (Abdul Aziz, Hanafiah, and Mohamed Ali 2019; Karamjeet and Phutela 2016; Onthong and Juntarachat 2017), wastewater (Prandini et al. 2016; Ratanatamskul and Siritiewsri 2015), food waste (Eriksson et al. 2016; Yang, Bao, and Xie 2019), poultry waste (Ribeiro et al. 2018; Roman Miah et al. 2016) and slaughterhouse waste (Ware and Power 2016). However, certain limitations still exist in the use of anaerobic processes in wastewater treatment. The presence of particulate organic solids in high concentration in wastewater renders it extremely difficult to remove the suspended solid matter through a regular sedimentation process. During anaerobic digestion, the hydrolysis stage is limited by the presence of particulate organic material. This can be overcome by the use of co-digestion process and including a pretreatment process before the anaerobic digestion, to eliminate the problems caused by the particulate organic materials.
Particle size distribution as an emerging tool for the analysis of wastewater
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2018
The new methods of analysing the distribution of COD fractions are based on scientific principles like; electrical resistance, resonance, light scattering or light blockage. The appropriateness of the technology for the analysis of PSD is dependent on characteristics of the target particles. For the huge suspended solids, the methods of separation from the rest are microfiltration, sieving, centrifugation, and sedimentation. The ultrafiltration and nanofiltration processes are used to separate fractions of different sizes from soluble COD. In addition to particle analysis, the main application of these methods is sample preparation for analysis by other more sophisticated methods. The pretreatment removes huge particles which may damage the analysis machines or cause errors in measurements. The presence of these huge particles can affect the analysis process for example with the light scattering instruments.
Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for tertiary treatment of dairy wastewater
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
María Celeste Schierano, María Cecilia Panigatti, Maria Alejandra Maine
The concentration of suspended solids in wastewater decreased around 80%, not presenting statistically significant differences between the HSFCW planted with the different macrophytes under study (Figure. 2). Manios et al. (2003) reported that the presence of cattails did not produce a significant difference between planted and unplanted beds. For this reason, it could be inferred that suspended solids are mainly removed by physical processes like sedimentation and filtration (Kadlec and Knight 1996). Not only removal efficiencies were high but also sample color decreased remarkably after treatments. This is a point of interest for industries that discharge their effluents into open channels with low flow, such as those located in the study area.