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Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
A standout amongst the most widely recognized is steam distillation since it takes into consideration the separation of somewhat unpredictable, water-immiscible substances by methods for low temperature distillation, being of specific use when the components boil at high temperature (higher than 100 ºC) and are susceptible to decay beneath this temperature. Even though this technique exhibits a few points of interest, it is important to endure at the top of the priority list that it is not only a straightforward steam hauling business. The release of the segments present in the stomas is brought about by cell-wall rupture because of the higher weight and the oil content extension of the cell generated by heat. The steam stream gets in through the stomas, breaks them and in the end hauls the EO (Başer and Buchbauer, 2010).
Heavy Water Reactors
Published in Kenneth D. Kok, Nuclear Engineering Handbook, 2016
Alistair I. Miller, John Luxat, Edward G. Price, Paul J. Fehrenbach
For detritiation, variations of water–hydrogen exchange have been used for primary tritium extraction. The CECE process can be used effectively for further tritium enrichment, but above ~300 ppm water becomes sufficiently tritiated as to constitute a radiological hazard if direct skin contact occurs. In the elemental form, tritium is many orders of magnitude less hazardous because the human body neither absorbs nor significantly retains it. Consequently, cryogenic distillation of hydrogen isotopes is employed to produce further enrichment, which can extend to virtually pure tritium. This low-temperature distillation process operates at 22–24 K, but has a good equilibrium ratio (about 1.4).
Application of feed-splitting in extractive distillation in the separation of the CO2-C2H6 azeotrope for recovering light hydrocarbon
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Haiqin Wang, Ce Wang, Zubin Zhang, Fengqi Li, Minglong Fan
As shown in Figure 2(a), at 2800kpa, the minimum azeotrope point of CO2-C2H6 is −13.67°C with 32% C2H6 on a molar. The relative volatility of the CO2-C2H6 system varies little with the pressure as illustrated in Figure 2(b). Therefore, pressure swing distillation is not applicable for CO2-C2H6 azeotrope separation. Light hydrocarbons for the recovered natural gas mainly include propane, butane, and pentane, all of which are ethane homologs. To study the thermodynamic properties, we consider the CO2 ethane and n-C5H12 systems. Surprisingly, with the n-C5H12 in the system increasing gradually, the envelope diagram changes significantly as the freezing point temperature of CO2 decreases. When the mole fraction of n-C5H12 reaches 0.8, the frost point temperature of CO2 drops to −56°C as illustrated in Figure 2(c). This avoids the freezing of the methane column during low-temperature distillation. As shown in Figure 2(d), the residue curve from the low boiling point component to the high boiling point component and the relative volatility of CO2-C2H6 is greater than 1 due to the addition of n-C5H12. CO2 is separated from the top of the column as a light product, while ethane and additives are obtained from the bottom of the column.
Pavement performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing oil shale waste
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2020
Wensheng Wang, Yongchun Cheng, Guojin Tan, Chenglin Shi
Coarse and fine aggregates and mineral powder were obtained from a local mine in Jilin Province, China and Table 2 shows their physical properties. Two waste oil shale ash (OSA), namely oil shale semi-coke (OSSC) and oil shale fly ash (OSFA), were used as a partial replacement of mineral powder in this paper, which were obtained from Jilin Province, China. OSSC was a waste residue obtained by low temperature distillation of oil shale for shale oil, whereas OSFA was a residue of volatile dust particles from combustion power generation of oil shale. The morphology and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of these two OSA wastes are shown in Figure 1. OSA wastes were crushed and processed to filler size in advance and corresponding physical properties are listed in Table 3.
Technological enablers and confidence building in end-users for effective non-domestic water demand management
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2020
SRC’s second project involved the development of a 1100 m3/day seawater desalination plant which uses recovered low-grade heat to produce NEWater-grade water for non-potable uses. The technology used, low-temperature distillation (Figure 7), was then still an emerging technology which required significant engineering development and scaling up to meet SRC’s recycling needs. An earlier decision to consolidate the refinery’s waste heat into a single source increased the feasibility of the project, helped further by the management’s willingness to share the risks of implementing a novel technology. The plant, which also received 50% IWSDF funding support, is expected to be commissioned by 2020.