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Fundamental Concepts
Published in Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein, Thermodynamics and Heat Power, 2020
Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein
The temperature of a system is a measure of the random motion or kinetic energy of the molecules within the system. Temperature is therefore also a measure of the thermal energy in a system (i.e., thermal energy is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of molecules within the system). It is different from heat, which is the transfer of thermal energy from one body or system to another. If there are different temperatures within the body (or bodies composing the system), the question arises as to how the temperature at a given location is measured and how this measurement is interpreted. Let us examine this question in detail, because similar questions will also have to be considered when other properties of a system are studied. In air at room pressure and temperature, there are approximately 2.7 × 1019 molecules per cubic centimeter (molecules/cm3). If we divide a cube whose dimensions are 1 cm on the side into smaller cubes, each of whose sides is 1/1000 of a centimeter, there will be approximately 2.7 × 1010 molecules in each of the smaller cubes, still an extraordinarily large number. Although we speak of temperature at a point, we actually mean the average temperature of the molecules in the neighborhood of the point.
Fire Protection and Prevention
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 2020
Convection can be defined as the process whereby thermal energy is transferred by the movement of a heated fluid such as liquid or air. There can be natural convection and forced convection. The rate of convective heat transfer can be calculated as follows: Q=hA(Ts−Tb)
Geophysical investigation techniques: heat
Published in Ian Acworth, Investigating Groundwater, 2019
Heat is a form of energy expressed in the SI system as Joules (Nm), with units of m2 kg s−2. Temperature is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance. Heat flows by a combination of convection and conduction.
2-D FEM thermomechanical coupling in the analysis of a flexible eRoad subjected to thermal and traffic loading
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Talita De Freitas Alves, Thomas Gabet, Rosângela Motta
Heat conduction is amongst the mechanisms of energy transfer, and it is characterised by the diffusive transport of thermal energy through the contact of bodies. The transient heat conduction problem for an isotropic material is described by Fourier's law: Where is the conductive heat flux in direction , in W/m2; is the thermal conductivity in direction , in W/(m⋅°C); is the temperature, in °C; and is the thermal gradient in direction , in °C/m.
Dynamics of mixed convection and Hall current in radiative power-law velocity slip flow of non-Newtonian fluid
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Zai-Yin He, M. Ijaz Khan, Essam Roshdy El-Zahar, Soumaya Gouadria, M. Riaz Khan, Abd Allah A. Mousa
Thermal radiation is one kind of electromagnetic (EM) radiation that is discussed exhaustively. In terms of heat transport, radiation is the emission of thermal energy as infrared waves. For the most part, infrared waves and thermal radiation are alluded to simply as heat. Since heat is conveyed through EM waves, it need not bother with a physical medium to move it. Thermal radiation is a heat conveyance marvel, which spread the heat energy subject to material particles. The valuable applications of radiative heat flux on MHD stream in different mechanical and industrial engineering processes such as the making of electric chips, manufacturing of petroleum pumps, cooling of metallic pieces and paper plates, etc. Recently, Irfan and Farooq [11] considered radiative MHD free stream flow by an exponentially stretchable surface with porosity, variable fluid properties, and internal heat source/sink effects. Khan et al. [12] worked on the nonlinear radiative heat flux effect in convective irreversible nanomaterial flow. Hayat et al. [13] highlighted such effects in entropy optimized flow toward a curved surface. Khan and Alzahrani [14] discussed radiative heat flux marvel with silicon dioxide and molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles in free convective slip flow with Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium and entropy generation. Khan et al. [15] highlighted Darcy-flow with entropy concept and Soret and Dufour effects by a stretchable surface.
Thermal efficiency enhancement of parabolic trough receivers using synthesized graphene oxide/SiO2 nanofluid and a rotary turbulator
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2022
Peiman Sepahvand, Faeze Kazemi Andalib, Sahar Noori
The specific heat is one of the main nanofluids properties playing a key role in heat transfer topics. Scientifically, specific heat capacity is the amount of thermal energy needed to enhance the temperature of one gram of a fluid by 1 degree. For a certain volume fraction of nanostructures dispersed in the base fluid like water, the specific heat capacity is defined as Equation (2), this equation is valid for homogeneous nanofluids (Korres, Bellos, and Tzivanidis 2019).