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Zero Liquid Discharge: Water Recycling in Industries Towards Sustainability
Published in Kailas L. Wasewar, Sumita Neti Rao, Sustainable Engineering, Energy, and the Environment, 2022
ZLD essentially means that an industry should treat and recover all its effluents and not release any liquid effluents into the water bodies or neighboring lands. As per MoEF&CC and CPCB (R11), ‘ZLD refers to installation of facilities and systems to enable the industrial effluents for recycling and converting solute into residue into solid by adopting method of concentration and thermal evaporation.’ ZLD is a solution for hard-to-treat or dangerously contaminated wastewater streams [9–21]. The term “Zero-discharge” is used to promote conservation of the quality of the environment. The concept received force because of i) reduced availability of freshwater for process use, ii) difficulty to comply with the regulatory standards, iii) regional considerations banning the priority pollutants iv) economics due to unaffordable costs of freshwater v) “good neighbor” policy (sensitivity to nature and community).
Zero Liquid Discharge
Published in Ashok K. Rathoure, Zero Waste, 2019
Ashok K. Rathoure, Tinkal Patel, Devyani Bagrecha
ZLD application is growing globally as an important wastewater management strategy to decrease water pollution and augment water supply. High cost and intensive energy consumption will remain the main barriers to ZLD adoption. Future growth of the ZLD market will heavily rely on regulatory incentives that outweigh its economic disadvantages. As the severe consequences of water pollution are increasingly recognized and attract more public attention, stricter environmental regulations on wastewater discharge are expected, which will push more high-polluting industries toward ZLD. The environmental impacts of ZLD need to be better understood. A life cycle assessment analysis of the energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions will provide additional insights into the cost-benefit balancing of ZLD. Along with advances in improving the energy and cost efficiencies of ZLD technologies, particularly by incorporating membrane-based processes, ZLD may become more feasible and sustainable in the future.
Integrated Membrane Technology for Promoting Zero Liquid Discharge in Process Industries
Published in Sundergopal Sridhar, Membrane Technology, 2018
R. Saranya, P. Anand, Sundergopal Sridhar
ZLD systems are gaining potential among industries that are interested in recovering useful chemicals from the spent and brine solution obtained from process industries. It is well-known that ZLD systems play an important role in reclaiming process waste. ZLD strives to employ the most advanced effluent treatment technologies to recycle and reclaim virtually almost all wastewater produced. The concept of ZLD focuses to eliminate all of the available discharge to the environment, thereby resulting in (i) the recovery of valuable products from wastewater and (ii) a minimization of polluting substances into the environment away from the wastewater treatment facility, so that zero discharge can be achieved.
Lithium Extraction from Spodumene by the Traditional Sulfuric Acid Process: A Review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Javier Rioyo, Sergio Tuset, Ramón Grau
In addition, research could be conducted for tailings minimization/concentration using a combination of membrane and evaporation-based concentration technologies. Bench-scale or pilot plant testing could provide the accurate prediction of achievable results. The main advantage of evaporative-crystallization over traditional membrane filtration technologies is its theoretical potential to minimize the volume of concentrated saline wastewater to zero, as well as the possibility of recovering solid residues such as pure salts or mixtures. The evaporated water is recovered by the condensation of generated steam. These technologies can also be used to treat high salinity waters obtained from RO or nanofiltration (NF) treatment processes. It would also be interesting to evaluate the heat residual streams available on site. These types of thermal-evaporation processes can be profitable if residual heat or a cheap fuel source is available in the installation. Energy consumption varies with design, flow-rate, and salinity. In arid areas or areas with few water resources, the cyclical use of process water is increasingly important. Overall, the trend to ZLD (zero liquid discharge) becomes a key goal. Finally, it would be interesting to evaluate the use of solar energy in the process to cut costs further, and avoid/minimize gas emissions.