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Produced Water Overview
Published in Olayinka I. Ogunsola, Isaac K. Gamwo, Solid–Liquid Separation Technologies, 2022
Desalination of produced water is an important part of the treatment train. Although there are some produced waters that may not need more than pretreatment, desalination represents an added cost of treatment. Removing salts is key to the reuse of most produced waters and can involve membrane processes, thermal process, and full system processes depending on the value proposition for the supply of treated produced water and the desired end use. Common processes used in desalination include thermal distillation, reverse osmosis, and other membrane distillation.
Beneficial Industrial Uses of Electricity: Industrial Introduction and Process Industries
Published in Clark W. Gellings, 2 Emissions with Electricity, 2020
Desalination is the removal of salt from seawater or brackish water to produce pure water for municipal and/or industrial uses. A number of energy-intensive processes have been developed for desalination in-cluding reverse osmosis (RO), distillation, electrodialysis, and mechanical vapor recompression. Electricity consumption can range from 4 to 45 MWh per million gallons (1 to 12 MWh per thousand m3) of water treated, depending on the process. Electricity can also account for up to 50% or more of the annual operating costs for desalination facilities. Desalination will be a necessary alternative for water-short areas and will grow in market size as populations increase and water sources diminish. Availability of low-carbon electricity could facilitate this market growth (EPRI 1014570).
Carbon Molecular Models for Desalination
Published in Andreas Sapalidis, Membrane Desalination, 2020
Georgia Karataraki, Anastasios Gotzias, Elena Tocci
Surface and underground freshwater resource scarcity have rendered water desalination one of the most important means of obtaining fresh water. (Azoulay and Houngbo 2018). Traditional desalination approaches involve either the process of distillation, which needs a large amount of energy, or the filtration approach, which uses polymeric membranes to achieve both high salt rejection rate and high freshwater flux. Membrane flux is the main challenge in every filtration approach. The high-flux membrane is highly desirable not only for reducing the membrane area, but also for increasing productivity (Chen et al. 2018).
Rate enhancement of plant growth using Ormus solution: optimization of operating factors by response surface methodology
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Mohsen Samimi, Edris Mohammadzadeh, Abdollah Mohammadzadeh
Population growth, climate change and agricultural demand will lead to an increase in water scarcity. Desalination consumes large amounts of energy and could affect marine ecosystems. The amount of water available for irrigation is limited. Therefore, purified seawater can be used to irrigate trees near the sea. For irrigation, seawater can be mixed with fresh water at a dilution of 1:30, which is called known as diluted seawater (DSW) (Sgherri et al., 2008; Shukla et al., 2022). Soil ammonium concentration of soil in wetlands increases with salinization due to the infiltration of salt water. The increase in human intervention in freshwater and seawater systems and the lack of appropriate strategies for the disposal of domestic and industrial wastewater accelerates the reduction of water quality, disrupting the health of the ecosystem (Saleh et al.2022; Samimi and Safari 2022).
Advances and challenges in solar-powered wastewater treatment technologies for sustainable development: a comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Water and sun light are the essential elements of the ecological system as many provinces of the earth are distressed due to the scarcity of water. The utility of water and sun light is increasing progressively with the living standards of humankind. It is difficult to ascertain the healthy living standard of people lacking annual accessibility of 1000 m3 of water per capita. Major portion of the water present on earth is acutely saline (salinity of ∼10,000 ppm). However, the seawater has salinity in the form of total dissolved salts ranging from 35,000 to 45,000 ppm. According to the World Health Organisation, the admissible value of salinity in water is 500 ppm and for some exceptional applications, it can be up to 1000 ppm (Tiwari, Singh, and Tripathi 2003). Therefore, the water desalination of saline water is required to obtain the water with lesser total dissolved salts (<500 ppm). Desalination is a process of saline water purification in which the dissolved minerals (e.g. waste brine) are scrubbed out from feed water (like brackish water, seawater or treated wastewater). Worldwide contribution of different feed water sources used in desalination plants is shown in Figure 4.
Exergetic improvement potential analysis of a new design of concentration based solar distiller
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Mokhtar Mohammed, M. Taha Janan
In the world, water forms about 97% in the oceans, it is also stored as ice in polar places for about 2%, and just 1% is fresh water that is required for animals and plants and the needs of human life (Kumar and Bai 2008; Sarray et al. 2017). The world's need for potable water continues to rise day by day because of the increasing growth in the population, industry, and agriculture. Nowadays, the scarcity problem threatens even regions that are considered water-rich. The several issues associated in the world with the lack of fresh and clean water are well documented: 1.2 billion people complain about lack of access to clean drinking water and more than millions die each year from diseases caused by human excreta or contaminated water (Shannon et al. 2008). Desalination is a way of eliminating salt, pollution, and other mineral components from saline water into a useful form. Desalination is an energy-consuming process. The key to economic and social development is energy. However, the traditional fossil fuel energy sources use has harmful environmental impacts. Solar energy is available, easily accessible, healthy, and renewable energy. This energy is considered one of the most promising alternatives for fossil fuels (Amiri et al. 2021).