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Vapor Power Cycles and Alternative Power Systems
Published in Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein, Thermodynamics and Heat Power, 2020
Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein
At present, geothermal energy accounts for a small percentage of the world’s energy production. In the future, this percentage of energy production may increase. In order for this to occur, the problems associated with geothermal energy production must be overcome. Some of these problems are: Low pressure and temperature exist at the well head.The water has high concentrations of salt and minerals.The discarded brine solution is harmful to the ecology of the earth’s surface.Most regions where geothermal energy is available are geologically unstable.
Principles and Applications of UV Light Technology
Published in Tatiana Koutchma, Ultraviolet Light in Food Technology, 2019
Controlling microbial load of these solutions may further extend the shelf-life of brines, dramatically reducing the cost of water, salt, brine disposal, and time lost when replacing batches of brine, without fear of increased pathogen risk.
Principles of Groundwater Contamination
Published in David H.F. Liu, Béla G. Lipták, Paul A. Bouts, Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution, 2019
David H.F. Liu, Béla G. Lipták, Paul A. Bouts
Oil and gas mining operations can also cause groundwater contamination. These operations generate a substantial amount of wastewater, often referred to as brine. The brine is usually disposed of in surface impoundments or injected in deep wells. Therefore, it can reach groundwater, and its constituents, such as ammonia, boron, calcium, dissolved solids, sodium, sulfate, and trace metals, can subsequently degrade the quality of groundwater (Fryberger 1975; Warner 1965).
Review and analysis of microbiologically influenced corrosion: the chemical environment in oil and gas facilities
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2018
Abdulhaqq Ibrahim, Kelly Hawboldt, Christina Bottaro, Faisal Khan
Production water is the aqueous liquid phase produced with the oil and/or gas phases and can be a mixture of injection water, formation water (water present in the pores of hydrocarbon-producing rock layers) and/or condensed waters (water vapour in the reservoir fluids that condenses upon sufficient drop in pressure, temperature or both), in various combinations and salinities. It is often referred to as brine due to the high content of dissolved inorganic salts compared to typical sea water [99]. The corrosivity of water depends on the nature and concentration of ionic species present (anions and cations), the ions increase water conductivity, electrochemical reactions and impact the properties of surface layers [54]. For instance, the dissociation of NaCl into Na+ and Cl– enhances the conductivity of water and stimulates transport of ions to and from the metal. Dissolved O2 can form hydroxyl ions (OH–) and undergo reduction reaction at the cathode (Equations (12) and (13)). It is an electron acceptor in the corrosion of iron as well as oxidation of ferrous iron. Cl– can degrade oxide film layers at the metal surface leading to localised pitting corrosion.
The use of seawater in mining
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2018
Luis A. Cisternas, Edelmira D. Gálvez
Regarding the extraction profiles, no substantial differences were found in the recoveries between leaching using seawater and leaching using desalination plant brine, especially in the commercially interesting species: nitrate and iodine. Their recoveries were similar and reached high values (Figure 16b). These results support the conclusion that it is technically feasible to use reverse osmosis brines for caliche leaching. This an important result because the disposal of the brines poses significant environmental issues, due to the high concentrations of salts and increases in the concentration of transition and heavy metals (Mauguin and Corsin, 2005; Roberts et al., 2010; Einav and Lokiec, 2003). In fact, other uses of the brine have been proposed (Reig et al., 2014).