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Practice of source treatment
Published in Xiaoling Lei, Bo Lu, Integrated Water Environment Treatment, 2021
Further guarantee the water resource safety by the sponge city construction. In urban construction areas, the lakes, ponds, reservoirs, pools and others shall be fully used to retain, store and utilize stormwater, and stormwater and reclaimed water shall be utilized for industrial, agricultural and ecological uses as much as possible, while the quality surface water shall be utilized for domestic use, which can reduce the urban flood risk and also alleviate the realistic problem of water resource shortage.
Safe Drinking Water
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Natural waters consist of surface waters and groundwater. Surface water refers to the freshwater in rivers, streams, creeks, lakes, and reservoirs, and the saline water present in inland seas and the oceans. The sources of freshwater are vitally important to everyday life. The main uses of surface water include drinking water and other public uses, irrigation uses, and for use by the thermoelectric power industry to cool the electricity-generating equipment. The United States relies heavily on its surface water supplies, accounting for 79% of all the water usage [2].
Spatial modelling of knowledge
Published in Ramesh S. V. Teegavarapu, Elpida Kolokytha, Carlos de Oliveira Galvão, Climate Change-Sensitive Water Resources Management, 2020
Iana A. A. Rufino, Carlos de Oliveira Galvão, Vajapeyam Srinivasan
Surface water and groundwater are not isolated components of a hydrologic system, especially in low-altimetric areas such as coastal areas with shallow aquifers. There are several interconnections between groundwater and surface water. Surface water can recharge groundwater through the infiltration of rainwater and runoff, excess irrigation water, percolation from rivers, channels, and lakes, as well as through artificial recharge. On the other hand, groundwater can turn into surface water through river base discharge and agricultural drainage. However, surface and groundwater are often studied and managed separately. A large number of studies and extensive research have been developed to integrate the surface and groundwater flow components into the modelling process (Ross, 2018; Mahinthakumar et al., 2018).
Water quality assessment of Noyyal river using water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques
Published in Water Science, 2022
Abirami Subramanian, Sushmitha Baskar
Water is the prime essential resource for all life forms. Surface water is the major source of water used for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Tamil Nadu accounts for 4% of India’s land area and hosts 6% of India’s population. But it contains only 2.5% of India’s water resources. Due to the increasing population and demand, over 95% of surface water and 80% of groundwater are already in use for human and animal consumption, irrigation, and industries. About 90% of surface water is used for irrigational purposes (TN-ENVIS, 2020). Rivers are the most substantial resources of freshwater, which are easily accessible for human use. But for the past few decades, we have also used rivers as dumping sites for human and industrial wastes. This has caused river pollution and has become one of the greatest environmental concerns. Anthropogenic activities can alter the physical, chemical, and biological composition of water so that the water becomes unsuitable for human consumption. Thus, it is essential to regularly monitor the surface water quality to maintain and save freshwater resources from degradation.
Assessment of water quality using water quality index: A case study of the River Gomti, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Amit Krishan, Rajeev Kumar Mishra, Anwar Khursheed
The important parameters that are considered to assess the surface water quality and indexing include pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness, Chloride, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Alkalinity. The monthly data collection of all the above-mentioned water quality parameters was done at seven sampling stations, i.e. S1 – Manjhi Ghat, S2 – Up Stream water intake, S3 – Kuriyaghat, S4 – Downstream Mohan Meakins, S5 – Nishat Ganj Bridge, S6 – Upstream Barrage, and S7 – Downstream after meeting STP Nala Bharwara of the Gomti river by the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Lucknow (UPPCB, Lucknow) for the years 2013–2017. The first sampling station (S1) is the upstream side of Lucknow city, located in a low pollution area. The other five stations (S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6) are situated in the mid-stretch, which is a high pollution area. The last sampling station (S7) is located in the downstream zone, which has moderate pollution. The details of sampling stations are presented in Figure 2. The sampling approach of UPPCB, Lucknow, was designed to understand the widespread pollution causes at important sites that characterize the river water quality by considering the contributions from various pollution sources that influence the water quality (Dutta et al. 2018).
Effect of temperature on D.O and T.D.S: A measure of Ground and Surface Water Interaction
Published in Water Science, 2021
The term GW‐SW interaction defines the interrelationship between the groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater and surface water resources rely on each other in various ways and sustainable management of these two interlinked resources requires a comprehensive understanding of their interactions. It is essential to understand the various components of the two water resources prior to investigating their interactions. Integrated management of groundwater and surface water resources is required in order to provide for the adequate protection of these resources. Groundwater can be best defined as water that occurs in saturated formations below the earth’s surface. Surface water resource simply refers to waterbodies such as lakes, river/streams, dams, and wetlands that exist on the earth’s surface. Groundwater‐surface water interaction mechanism has been widely reported to occur through river/stream bed (Toth, 1963; Winter, 1998). Temperature fluxes and temperature patterns have been exploited to study subsurface flow systems (Sabina, Kinga, & Sławomir, 2020), ranging from irrigation water in rice paddies to geothermal water lying below volcanoes (Schneidewind et al., 2016; Sorey, 1971; Suzuki, 1960).