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Remaining Challenges and Uncertainties
Published in Pau Loke Show, Wai Siong Chai, Tau Chuan Ling, Microalgae for Environmental Biotechnology, 2023
Sze Yin Cheng, Zhi Ting Ang, Pau Loke Show
The open pond cultivation system simulates the natural environment of algae, and it consists of natural water system, ponds, raceway ponds, and artificial large shallow tanks. The technical design for large-scale algae cultivation system consists of a structure that is commonly made up of concrete with different diameter and length with two or more circulating channels, and the typical fluid depth is 15–35 cm (Upadhyay et al. 2019). Raceway or open pond cultivation system offers several benefits. First, they are cheaper to construct and maintain as compared to other cultivation system. Evidently, the power consumption for a newly designed raceway pond was 60% lower as compared to the traditional raceway pond, and the newly designed raceway pond was able to maintain the velocity of the flow, hence providing a better mixing for photoautotrophic growth of microalgae (Brennan and Owende 2010). Second, the estimated lifespan for the open pond cultivation system is rather long, and it was estimated to be 10 years (Upadhyay et al. 2019). Open pond system utilizes direct sunlight as light source hence is able to lower construction and operating costs (Chen et al. 2011).
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Published in J. Russell Boulding, Epa Environmental Engineering Sourcebook, 2019
J.L. Sims, R.C. Sims, R.R. Dupont, J.E. Matthews, H.H. Russell
Ponding can be used to increase the infiltration rate of the applied solution above that achieved by flooding. Ponds are constructed by excavating into the ground or by constructing low berms. The depth of the solution in the pond becomes the driving force to increase infiltration rates. Ponding can be used in sandy or loamy soils and in flat areas.
Algae as a Sustainable Feedstock for Biofuel Production
Published in Veera Gnaneswar Gude, Green chemistry for Sustainable Biofuel Production, 2018
Martin Gross, Ashik Sathish, Zhiyou Wen
Open raceway ponds are the oldest and simplest suspension based cultivation systems and are configured in an oval shape with the culture liquid circulating in a continuous loop using a paddlewheel. The liquid level is commonly shallow, typically 30 cm deep. The foundation of the ponds are made of a water impermeable material such as concrete, or are simply dug into the earth and lined with a plastic liner. Baffles can be used to provide additional turbulence to improve distribution of light and allow mass transfer of gases into and out of the liquid medium. The size of these systems can vary from a few meters to thousands of meters in length [25].
The ecological role of permanent ponds in Europe: a review of dietary linkages to terrestrial ecosystems via emerging insects
Published in Inland Waters, 2023
Lena Fehlinger, Benjamin Misteli, Daniel Morant, Noël Juvigny-Khenafou, David Cunillera-Montcusí, Fernando Chaguaceda, Olivera Stamenković, Julie Fahy, Vojtěch Kolář, Dariusz Halabowski, Liam N. Nash, Ellinor Jakobsson, Veronica Nava, Pietro Tirozzi, Pablo Urrutia Cordero, Julien Mocq, Alba Camacho Santamans, Jose Manuel Zamora-Marín, Pierre Marle, Teofana Chonova, Luca Bonacina, Margaux Mathieu-Resuge, Ena Suarez, Stephen E. Osakpolor, Pablo Timoner, Vesela Evtimova, Darmina Nita, Bruno M. Carreira, Kálmán Tapolczai, Joana Martelo, Rémi Gerber, Valentin Dinu, Jorge Henriques, Géza B. Selmeczy, Biljana Rimcheska
Ponds are found across multiple landscape types, often occurring in high numbers that surpass those of lakes or rivers, yet they have been historically overlooked by research focusing on larger aquatic ecosystems. Because ponds share many characteristics with shallow lakes, wetlands, or more regionally specific ecosystems (e.g., vernal pools, billabongs), their structural distinction is often unclear. However, certain features can help distinguish ponds from other standing waterbodies (Søndergaard et al. 2005, Richardson et al. 2022). Debate around the definition of ponds has a long history that continues to the present (Richardson et al. 2022). Ponds were frequently defined as small and shallow, natural or artificial standing waterbodies that can contain water permanently or occasionally fall dry (Biggs et al. 2005, De Meester et al. 2005). Some much larger waterbodies were also sometimes considered as ponds; for instance, many constructed and shallow fish ponds in some European countries (e.g., Austria or the Czech Republic) cover many hectares (Lhotský 2010). These should, according to a recent publication, not be referred to as ponds but as shallow lakes (Richardson et al. 2022). A maximum depth of 5 m and a surface area of ≤5 hectares were proposed to classify a waterbody as a pond. Characteristics also included within this study are the aphotic zone, which is typically absent in ponds unless they are highly turbid, and macrophytes, which can grow throughout the entire water column (Biggs et al. 2005), should cover ≤30% of the waterbody (Richardson et al. 2022).
Perspectives of future water sources in Qatar by phytoremediation: biodiversity at ponds and modern approach
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Lessons should be learned from the previous experiences with old ponds before construct new lagoons remote of residential areas of Doha city with modern features to avoid pollution from inflicting the people’s lives. These include studying the biodiversity and implementing the practical measures to construct new lagoons, and suggesting successful remediation processes. Two main important steps have been taken, first: draining the old ponds (Figure 5), treating the soil at the bottom of these ponds, building some temporary basins to evaporate the water to prevent leakage into groundwater, and reestablishing and restoring the area by encouraging the cultivation of native plants that normally live in that area, as well as microorganisms like green algae. Currently, the main objective of such projects is to maintain water sources, and in the near future, plans are concentrated on removing pollutants and recycling heavy metals and reducing the dissipation of water to keep the ecosystem safe and increase the green spaces around the country (Figure 6). Such efforts need a careful selection of those living organisms that proved successful in phytoremediation and bioremediation, second: conducting serious efforts to establish new successful lagoons remote of residential areas. In fact, the State of Qatar has allocated large sums for these projects and recruited researchers from all over the world to contribute to such promising projects.
Greenhouse gas emissions from urban ponds in Denmark
Published in Inland Waters, 2020
Joachim Audet, Mette Vodder Carstensen, Carl C. Hoffmann, Lucile Lavaux, Kirstine Thiemer, Thomas A. Davidson
Ponds in urban landscapes have been largely overlooked as sources of GHG, although their number, and therefore spatial extent, is increasing as a consequence of rapid urbanization at the global scale. Hence, in 2018, 55% of the world's population lived in cities, a proportion projected to reach 68% by 2050 (United Nations 2018). Change in land use, especially increased impervious surfaces due to urbanization, generally results in increased risk of flooding and thus potentially impaired water quality in waterbodies receiving runoff water. To mitigate these risks, ponds are often built to collect stormwater runoff, thus buffering peak events and improving the water quality for receiving waterbodies located farther downstream. This detention process is especially relevant in areas of the globe that will face increasing amounts and/or intensity of precipitation. Furthermore, many cities have a stated goal of becoming more sustainable, and green infrastructure, including ponds, are set to become more common in urban landscapes. However, because urban ponds receive nutrients and particles transported in stormwater runoff, they might be important zones for production of GHGs (McPhillips and Walter 2015, D’Acunha and Johnson 2019, Peacock et al. 2019).