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Sampling
Published in John V. Twork, Alexander M. Yacynych, Sensors in Bioprocess Control, 2020
The processpressure must be considered when specifying the sample valve and fittings. The sterilizing steam pressure should also be considered. The combination of pressure and temperature of the system design will establish the piping, fittings, and valve ratings to be used. Care is needed in sampling bulk fluids that are at higher pressures than will be encountered in the sample container. If the fluid is above its bubble point (temperature and pressure) in the sample container, significant vaporization may occur, which could be hazardous and could alter the composition of the sample, which may not be acceptable. When a fluid is under vacuum, a balancing vent may be required on the sample device, or a vacuum pump may be needed to draw the sample properly into the container within the prescribed time available.
Hydropower and Marine Energy
Published in Radian Belu, Fundamentals and Source Characteristics of Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
In order to improve the overall system efficiency the pipe length, the number of elbows, valves, and other fittings in the flow path, as their combined losses can be significant need to be minimized. Any reduction in the effective head reduces the power output proportionately. It is not uncommon for a micro-hydro system to have an effective head that is as much as 30% less than the gross head. However, the pipe losses are not the only losses that must be considered. The turbine efficiencies, generator, and electronics must be considered. Small-water turbines rarely achieve efficiencies greater than 80%. Combined with losses in the generator and power electronics, the overall efficiency is usually closer to 50%. To account for these equipment losses, the power equation is modified by the total efficiency coefficient, so: () POut=ηtot⋅ρ⋅g⋅Q⋅Heff
Custom Contact-Molded Piping Systems
Published in John H. Mallinson, Corrosion-Resistant Plastic Composites in Chemical Plant Design, 2020
The operating conditions of pipe and fittings, such as concentrations of components, maximum conditions of operating pressure, and maximum pressure should be included. Check your company security to make sure it can be given to the vendor without divulging proprietary information. For the most part it is not necessary to give definite process concentrations; a span of concentrations of chemical components is all that is necessary. Sometimes, in chemical processes, close components control is necessary to achieve optimum results. If so, do not give this away. Generally, however, it will be of little consequence. For example, in the coagulating baths used in the rayon industry, the following spread of concentrations is completely satisfactory for service conditions specifications: H2SO4, 5–10%ZnSO4, 1–8%Na2SO4, 15–25%Saturated with H2S and CS2Pressure, 100 psigTemperature, 35–70°C That any one of these components may have to be controlled to within 1/10% to make a competitive product would not be significant to the fabricator.
Capturing the spatial and operational interdependencies among building systems using building information modelling
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2019
The operational interdependency model traverses each mechanical, electrical, and plumbing system (MEP) to extract a dictionary of MEP systems where each system is paired with input sources and connected distribution elements. Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems are represented as networks of connected elements based on the principle of graph theory. Each system is composed of elements such as ducts, or pipes or conduits and such elements are connected using fittings and accessories. The developed algorithm traverses each MEP system in the building to extract a dictionary of key, value pairs as follows:
Formation of undetachable mechanical joints by cold plastic deformation
Published in Welding International, 2019
Radial deformation is achieved by simultaneous compression of the fitting and pipe over the entire circumference (360°). Contact interaction of the surfaces of the fitting and pipe ensures high adhesion (cohesion) between them and guarantees the absence of leaks when pipeline systems are in service (Figure 1).