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Water/Wastewater Conveyance
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Along with valves, piping systems typically include accessories such as pressure and temperature gauges, filters, strainers, and pipe hangers and supports. Pressure gauges indicate the pressure in the piping system.Temperature gauges indicate the temperature in the piping system.Filters and strainers are installed in piping systems to help keep fluids clean and free from impurities.Pipe hangers and supports support piping to keep the lines straight and to prevent sagging, especially in long runs. Various types of pipe hangers and supports are shown in Figure 8.2.
Piping Design
Published in Herbert W. Stanford, Adam F. Spach, Analysis and Design of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2019
Herbert W. Stanford, Adam F. Spach
Piping that conveys heated or cooled fluids (vapor or liquid) must be insulated to limit heat losses or gains to minimize energy waste. For “cold piping,” carrying fluids below 60°F and including pipe, fitting, valves, unions, flanges and all equipment cold surfaces, must be insulated and a continuous vapor barrier must be maintained. “Ambient” piping, carrying fluids between 61°F and 105°F, does not require insulation. Finally, “hot piping,” conveying fluids at greater than 105°F and including pipe, fitting, valves, unions, flanges and all equipment hot surfaces, must be insulated, but no vapor barrier is required. However, hot gas refrigerant lines do not require insulation unless the heat dissipation is anticipated to be objectionable or there is a danger of personnel contact.
Basic Hydraulics and Accessories
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Wind Power, 2022
The term piping refers to the overall network of pipes or tubing, fittings, flanges, valves, and other components that comprise a conduit system used to convey fluids. Whether a piping system is used to simply convey fluids from one point to another or to process and condition the fluid, piping components serve an important role in the composition and operation of the system. A system used solely to convey fluids may consist of relatively few components, such as valves and fittings, whereas a complex chemical processing system may consist of a variety of components used to measure, control, condition, and convey the fluids. In this section, the characteristics and functions of various piping and tubing fittings are described (Geiger, 2000).
Experimental and numerical study of a condensing steam jet
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2022
Dehee Kim, Jongtae Kim, Seolhee Cho, Kyungmin Cho, Weon Gyu Shin
A steam jet condensation experimental facility was constructed in which the steam jet is discharged at a pressure of 3 bar at a circular pipe end. The piping was designed to control the pressure, flow rate, and temperature of the steam. To minimize errors that may arise in the steam generator, a digital pressure control and a flow measurement unit were installed. Heat loss through piping and condensation on the inner surface of the piping were minimized by insulating materials outside the piping. There is a bypass line to stabilize the fluctuation width generated in the steam generator. In the steam transfer process from the steam generator to the pipe exit, unevaporated water or liquid that condenses inside the piping is separated by a liquid–vapor separator installed before the pipe exit. The flow rate and pressure are set by digitally adjusting the opening ratios of an electric flow control valve and an electric pressure control valve. In the experiment, the mass flow was adjusted and stabilized at the rates of 40 kg/h and 60 kg/h, by which Reynolds numbers are in a similar range to previous works [8,9]. Differently from the experiments [8,9], condensate inside the piping wall is removed with a condensate separator, which enables the study of the condensation phenomena more accurately.
Definition of reliability and maintenance concepts in oil and gas – validity aspects
Published in Safety and Reliability, 2020
J. T. Selvik, E. B. Abrahamsen, K. J. Engemann
The only term given the score ‘weak’ is the term ‘equipment type’, which scores low on two sub-criteria, i.e. the ‘axiomatic’ (V1) and the ‘understandable’ (V3) criterion. The main reason for this is that there is something ambiguous about the way it is phrased. It refers to a particular feature of a design which should be different from another design. This does not quite match the meaning of the term. It is a key term used in the Appendix to categorise each of the equipment classes. For example, the equipment class ‘Piping’ is given types based on the type of material, i.e. carbon steel, stainless steel, etc. These may be referred to as features of the design. However, the definition should also state something about why this feature is selected, i.e. it should reflect the characteristics of the equipment. Furthermore, the definitions refer to different designs within an equipment class but ignore the possibility of similar features within these. By so doing, the term becomes the same as ‘design class’, but where the features could be the same across the different designs. This is not considered to be sufficiently clear. A note to entry or definition of ‘design class’ would be useful. Nevertheless, the meaning of the term is implicitly understood from the tables in the document in which it is used.