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Downstairs
Published in Michael Allaby, Conservation at Home, 2019
British tap water is clean, wholesome, and perfectly safe to drink. Apart from bottled water, water from other sources (wells included) will be more or less contaminated by industrial or chemical wastes (including fertilizers and pesticides) and bacteria, and its quality will change from season to season. You should not choose it in preference to a mains supply.
Quality of tap water in an urban agglomeration: 2-years’ monitoring study in Wrocław, Poland
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Grzegorz Izydorczyk, Małgorzata Mironiuk, Sylwia Baśladyńska, Daria Kocek, Anna Witek-Krowiak, Katarzyna Chojnacka
The assessment of the microbiological purity of tap water in Wroclaw did not diverge from expectations. Results have been shown in Figure 10. The agar plates showed no presence of microbial colonies after 72 h of incubation at 22°C (Figure 11). This is an important assessment of the microbiological safety of tap water. A microbial biofilm grows on pipe walls. It turns out that the biofilm poses no hazard to humans because its parts are not released into water. Microbiological quality of bottled water in Poland is standardized and must meet the requirements of the Regulation of the Minister of Health on the quality of water intended for human consumption of 7 December 2017 (Journal of Laws of 2017, item 2294). Before being introduced to the market, water must undergo microbiological tests. Tap water, as well as bottled water, has been proven to be mirobiologically safe.
Anticipating elite capture: the social devaluation of municipal tap water users in the Phoenix metropolitan area
Published in Water International, 2021
Alexandra Brewis, Katie Meehan, Melissa Beresford, Amber Wutich
In the United States, tap water is generally considered safe and reliable by public health standards. Yet, even when tap water is safe and accessible, many citizens elect to treat it, or avoid it in favour of (more expensive) commercially bottled water. For example, an analysis of NHANES data for the period 2011–14 found that 44.1% of adults drank tap water and 27.2% drank bottled water (the rest drank non-water items such as soda or juice) (Rosinger et al., 2018). Factors that correlate to bottled water preferences include perceptions of water safety and quality, taste, the perception of health-giving qualities, cost, convenience, location, and access (Prasetiawan et al., 2017; Rosinger et al., 2018). These factors appear to differ by socioeconomics. For example, wealthier drinkers might cite convenience as a reason for drinking bottled water, whereas less wealthy drinkers might cite safety or lack of access (e.g., Pierce & Gonzalez, 2017). Prior studies of water perceptions in urban Phoenix in Arizona (our study site), using comparable methods from cognitive anthropology, have shown that residents perceive tap water as dirty, hard, nasty and unpleasant in taste – a perception shared across neighbourhoods (Gartin et al., 2010). Avoidance of tap water (by drinking bottled water) is also widely reported as a strategy employed by those who could afford it (York et al., 2011).
Phytodesalination of landfill leachate using Puccinellia nuttalliana and Typha latifolia
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
Qian Xu, Sylvie Renault, Qiuyan Yuan
The soil used in this study is a mixture of peat/sand/clay (1:1:1 by volume) (Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada). The treatments include control (C)—only irrigated with tap water, fertilizer (F) (FloraNova, GH, Sebastopol, CA, USA) and landfill leachate (LL) (Brady Landfill, Winnipeg, MB, CA). There were two dilutions of leachate applied using tap water by volume, namely 20% and 30% leachate (stages 1 and 2, respectively). All the seedlings were sown into pots and grew for 12 weeks in the greenhouse. The first stage started from the second week after transplantation and the second stage started from the seventh week. Equivalent amount of fertilizer (F) was employed for the tests of both stages by calculating nitrogen concentration, which was based on the value of 20% (200 mg/L NH4+-N) and 30% (300 mg/L NH4+-N) LL dilutions, respectively. The 20% LL and F were employed at the beginning of stage 1 and 30% dilutions were used for stage 2. Tap water (100 mL) was used to water all the plants daily in the greenhouse environment. Table 1 represents the raw LL characteristics.