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Water Systems/Saving Our Valuable Resource
Published in Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Ray E. Richardson, Brian W. Fardo, Energy Conservation Guidebook, 2020
Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Ray E. Richardson, Brian W. Fardo
A faucet is a control device that regulates the flow of water from a distribution line. In a strict sense, this device is a valve designed to conveniently open and close the water line. It has a handle or level attached to the top of the valve. Turning the handle or moving the lever opens the valve in such a way that it permits water to flow from a spout. In most installations faucets are in integral part of a plumbing fixture.
A trade-off balance among urban water infrastructure improvements and financial management to achieve water sustainability
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Sangmin Shin, Danyal Aziz, Uzma Jabeen, Rakhshinda Bano, Steven J. Burian
In the SD modeling process, the CLDs are transferred into a Stock and Flow Diagram (SFD) with mathematical relationships of the interactions among system components to evaluate system behaviors over time quantitatively. The stock variables represent accumulated quantity or states of physical or non-physical components (e.g. water volume, pipe lengths, and customer’s water stress) at a specific time. The flow variables represent actions or rates (e.g. population growth rate, pipe deterioration rate, and annual rehabilitation rate) that change the quantity of the stock variable. The quantity in a stock variable is changed by only flow variables (i.e. inflows and outflows) with a constant or changing rate, like changing the water volume in a bathtub by inflow from a faucet and outflow to a drain (Figure S1 in the Supplemental Data). The converters (auxiliary variables) are used to characterize relationships between the system components through graphic functions or table functions or consider exogenous variables out of the system boundary.
Economic feasibility analysis of rainwater harvesting: a case study in Imbituba, Brazil
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2020
Douglas Ancelmo Freitas, Enedir Ghisi
A single-family house located in Imbituba was chosen to obtain the necessary parameters to perform the economic feasibility analysis. The water fixtures in the house are shower, toilet with flushing valve, washbasin, kitchen and laundry taps, washing machine and outdoor faucet for watering the garden and cleaning. The rainwater catchment area considered in this study was the roof area as projected on the horizontal plane. For the base case, this area was approximately 130 m2. This house was chosen due to kinship between the owners and the first author of this paper. This allowed to obtain more accurate data because the residents have compromised to write down all the potable water uses; besides that, all necessary information about the house could be easily obtained.
Assessment of home care aides’ respiratory exposure to total volatile organic compounds and chlorine during simulated bathroom cleaning: An experimental design with conventional and “green” products
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
J. E. Lindberg, M. M. Quinn, R. J. Gore, C. J. Galligan, S. R. Sama, N. N. Sheikh, P. K. Markkanen, A. Parker-Vega, N. D. Karlsson, R. F. LeBouf, M. A. Virji
Cleaning tasks were performed in a simulated residential bathroom 38 ft2 (3.5 m2) constructed in an environmental air sampling lab 550 ft2 (51 m2) (Figure 1). The simulated bathroom was constructed according to typical building plans for elder housing, with dimensions W = 61 in (159 cm), L = 89 in (226 cm), H = 99 in (251 cm), and V = 311 ft3 (8.8 m3). The bathroom had a vinyl tile floor, was framed using 2 × 4 pine lumber, and was lined with 4 mil (0.004 in, 0.01 cm) plastic sheeting to create an enclosed volume with an opening (no door) for access/egress, that is, simulating a bathroom with the door open. Plastic composite wallboard was installed around the tub/shower and to a height of 48 in (122 cm) on all interior walls to allow easy removal of cleaning product over-spray. The bathroom was equipped with a porcelain toilet, a one-piece gel-coated fiberglass tub/shower and a small vanity cabinet with one-piece molded composite sink-top. The vanity cabinet was freestanding and made of enamel-coated particleboard. The tub/shower was equipped with an-overflow drain cover and a floor drain insert. The sink-top was equipped with a faucet and drain insert. None of the fixtures were connected to water supply or sanitary drains (building plumbing); instead, rinse water was dispensed with a one-gallon tank sprayer and removable basins were inserted below the fixture drains to collect wastewater. The tub/shower was equipped with a shower curtain, two wall-mounted storage racks, two grab-bars, and a shower stool. Neither the bathroom nor the lab had mechanical ventilation. Portable fans were used to provide dilution ventilation between cleaning sessions according to the protocol described in the cleaning procedure. The lab area was significantly larger than the bathroom and could be opened to a hallway allowing sufficient air volume exchange for effective dilution ventilation of the bathroom between cleaning sessions.