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Indoor Air Quality and Environments
Published in Martha J. Boss, Dennis W. Day, Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene Engineering, 2020
The plumbing system consists of the water supply distribution system; fixtures and fixture traps; soil, waste, and vent piping; storm water drainage; and acid and industrial waste disposal systems. It extends from connections within the structure to a point 5 ft (1.5 m) outside the structure. The design of all plumbing must comply with the most current National Standard Plumbing Code, unless otherwise stated.
Basic Components of Laboratory Plumbing Systems
Published in Peter C. Ashbrook, Malcolm M. Renfrew, Safe Laboratories, 2018
Plumbing is a system of pipes, fixtures, and other appurtenances located within a building which transport and distribute water and other fluids including gases from a central source. Plumbing also includes the piping and other accessories which are used to collect and convey the used liquids to a single location outside the building or by which the used fluids are separated for holding and means of treatment/disposal other than through the sanitary sewer system. Laboratory plumbing may include piping systems for cold water, hot water, deionized water, distilled water, natural gas (or LP gas) as well as specialty laboratory gases, vacuum lines and compressed air lines. Plumbing is also the art, trade, or business involved in the design, installation, and maintenance of the plumbing of a building.* Plumbing may also be used as a verb as in “to plumb” a building.
What are plumbing systems?
Published in Samuel L. Hurt, Building Systems in Interior Design, 2017
Vents are used to expel sewer gas from the building and to equalize pressure in the system. Every plumbing system is required to have at least one full-sized (meaning equal to the largest piping in the system) vent to the atmosphere, which is usually referred to as “vent through roof, or VTR.” Every fixture, except floor drains, is required to be vented. The vent piping must be separate, meaning that a first-floor fixture cannot vent into a wet drain pipe coming down from the second floor. In some instances, it is acceptable to use air admittance valves (trade name for the company that invented it: Studor) for individual fixtures where it is excessively difficult to put in a conventional vent. Air admittance valves are one-way air valves that let air into the system, without letting air and sewer gas out.
Computational modelling in sport: a hybrid simulation of the runner as a complex adaptive system
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2022
E. Vermeulen, S. S. Grobbelaar, A. Botha, K. Nolte
On the other spectrum of granularity, system dynamics is useful to study the system’s behavioural emergence over time at an aggregated level, or a high level of granularity (Hulme et al. 2019) (Hulme, Thompson, et al. 2019). The system dynamics component is constructed as stocks, flows (rates) and parameters that influence stocks and flows (see Figure 7). A system dynamics model constitute a system of differential equations to describe the system. The system process is modelled as a plumbing system, with stocks representing tanks filled with liquid and the flows as the valves (or pumps) that control inter-tank flow. Stocks signify accumulation of a variable (integration) i.e. its level, at any given point in time. Flows are the rates at which the stock level changes (differentiation). Parameters are used to alter the rates. Information on stock levels feeds back into the flows to influence the flow, and in this way the reinforcing and balancing feedback loops are generated (Kirkwood 2013).
Adhesion of Legionella pneumophila on glass and plumbing materials commonly used in domestic water systems
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Abdelwahid Assaidi, Mostafa Ellouali, Hassan Latrache, Mustapha Mabrouki, Mohammed Timinouni, Hafida Zahir, Safae Tankiouine, Abouddihaj Barguigua, El Mostafa Mliji
The glass and plumbing materials commonly used in water systems were selected for this study including galvanized steel, stainless steel, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PPR) and Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX-c). The materials were cut into 1 cm2 coupons and were cleaned in acetone to remove any dirt or oil and soaked for 15 min in 70 % (Vol/Vol) ethanol solution, then were rinsed with distilled water and autoclaved at 120 °C for 15 min (Teixeira et al. 2005, 2008).