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Hybrid water supply systems
Published in Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto, Megan Farrelly, Routledge Handbook of Urban Water Governance, 2023
Casey Furlong, Ryan Brotchie, Peter Morison, Lindsey Brown, Greg Finlayson
Water resource planning focuses on ensuring water security and is one of the most important aspects of water governance. Water security is the “capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development … and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability” (UN-Water, 2013). In this sense, water security can be considered as the tolerable level of risk for supplies not being able to meet demands (Grey et al., 2013). Water resource planners are tasked with creating projections of water demand (how much water will be needed by a city) and water supply (how much water will be available from planned and existing resources) (Xu & Singh, 2004).
Water Resources Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
Water resources engineering is the quantitative study of the hydrologic cycle—the distribution and circulation of water linking the earth’s atmosphere, land, and oceans. The main sources of water supply are surface and ground water which have been used for a variety of purposes such as drinking, irrigation, hydroelectric energy, transport, recreation, etc. Often, human activities are based on the usual or normal range of river flow conditions. However, flows and storage vary spatially and temporally, and also they are finite (limited) in nature, i.e., there is a limit to the services that can be expected from these resources. Rare or extreme flows or water quality conditions outside the normal ranges will result in losses to river-dependent, human activities. Therefore, planning is needed to increase the benefits from the available water sources.
Urban water infrastructure
Published in Jiri Marsalek, Blanca Jiménez-Cisneros, Mohammad Karamouz, Per-Arne Malmquist, Joel Goldenfum, Bernard Chocat, Urban Water Cycle Processes and Interactions, 2014
Jiri Marsalek, Blanca Jiménez-Cisneros, Mohammad Karamouz, Per-Arne Malmquist, Joel Goldenfum, Bernard Chocat
Conventional methods of water supply include large-scale facilities such as dam reservoirs, water transfer structures and well fields. Dam reservoirs are the most important sources of water in many large cities around the world. Quite often the reservoirs providing the water supplies of urban areas are located tens or hundreds of kilometres away from the areas served, sometimes in another river basin.
Improving urban water management and building water supply resilience in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe – a systems view
Published in Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2023
The combination of these shortfalls contribute to water scarcity in Harare, worsening the supply-demand balance and undermining the city’s long-term water resilience (IPCC 2014). Taking these problems as a starting point, this paper uses a systems thinking approach to address the following questions. What previous strategies have been employed in Harare to address water scarcity and how do these perform against resilience criteria?What are the current water supply challenges, their driving factors and the system conditions that inhibit addressing them?What systematic actions can be taken now, and in the future, to improve water scarcity and resilience outcomes?
Climate change, water management and stakeholder analysis in the Dongjiang River basin in South China
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2018
Liang Emlyn Yang, Faith Ka Shun Chan, Jürgen Scheffran
Water supply is the gross amount of water provided to users by a variety of water projects, including surface water, groundwater and other water sources (e.g. sewage treatment, reuse and rainwater harvest). In 2011, the total water supply of the DjR basin reached 4.55 km3 (excluding 0.82 km3 to Hong Kong). Surface water is the main source, accounting for 96.6% of the total water supply (Table 2). Water consumption is more or less equal to supply, and is statistically categorized in five sectors: agriculture, industry, urban public, living and environment. In 2011, agriculture consumed 2.05 km3, accounting for 51% of the total water consumption, while industry accounted for 27.9%.
A robust clustering-based multi-objective model for optimal instruction of pipes replacement in urban WDN based on machine learning approaches
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2023
Seyed Mehran Jafari, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, Nasrin Alamdari, Raziyeh Farmani, Amir H. Gandomi
The network has 110 pipes and 104 nodes, and a reservoir that supplies the required water for the network. The WDN’s pipes have a diameter between 75 and 250 mm, and their age is about 20 years. Therefore, the number of failures in the proposed area is relatively high because of deterioration, high pressure, and poor-quality installation of pipes. During the operation period, the water supply for consumers has faced various problems because of pipe failures (Jafari et al. 2020, 2021). Therefore, solving the problem in this network requires replacing pipes.