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Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and UV filters in swimming pools and spas
Published in Yuli Ekowati, Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments, 2019
The results show that 88.2% of the water samples (45 out of 51 samples) contained pharmaceuticals while 94.1% contained UV filters (48 out of 51 water samples). From the 32 pharmaceuticals analysed in the water samples, only 10 were detected at a concentration >LOQ; e.g. atenolol, carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide, metronidazole, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and phenazone. As for UV filters, 11 out of 14 UV filters analysed were detected at concentrations >LOQ; i.e. BP1, BP2, BP3, BP8, THB, 4DHB, 4MBC, OD-PABA, 1HBT, MeBT, and DMeBT. The most frequently detected pharmaceutical was carbamazepine, and it was found in more than half of the samples collected (53%). The most frequently occurring UV filter was 1HBT which was found in 30 of 51 (59%) water samples collected. The highest concentration of individual pharmaceuticals and UV filters measured was 904 ng/L and 69.3 ng/L for hydrochlorothiazide and 4MBC, respectively.
Evaluation of Water and Its Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Studies in the United States have detected very low levels of pharmaceuticals in finished drinking water. The highest concentration reported was 40 ng/L for meprobamate.521 Studies have also found several pharmaceuticals in tap water at concentrations ranging from nanograms to low micrograms per liter in several countries in Europe, including Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy.522 Two separate studies in Germany511,523 found phenazone and propyphenazone (an analgesic and an antipyretic drug, respectively) in Berlin drinking water, with the highest concentration being 400 ng/L for phenazone. This high value was largely attributed to groundwater, used as a drinking water source, contaminated with sewage.524 In the Netherlands, traces of antibiotics, antiepileptics, and beta blockers were detected in the drinking water supply at concentrations below 100 ng/L, with most concentrations below 50 ng/L.525
Thin-Layer Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Elena Dreassi, Giuseppe Ceramelli, Piero Corti
El Sadek et al.65 describe a spectrodensitometric method for the determination of the components of two analgesic mixtures: paracetamol–ascorbic acid–caffeine–phenylephrine (“Rhino C”) and phenazone–phenacetin–caffeine (“Caffemed”). The HPTLC method on silica gel plates with fluorescence indicator allows the separation of the pharmacologically active compounds and of the degradation products and impurities. The mobile phases used are dichloromethane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–formic acid (3.5:2:4:0.5, v/v/v/v) and dichloromethane–ethyl acetate–ethanol (5.5:1, v/v/v) for the first formulation and acetonitrile–chloroform (1:1, v/v) for the second. Wavelengths are 264 nm for ascorbic acid, 258 nm for phenazone, 274 nm for phenylephine and caffeine, 254 nm for paracetamol and phenacetin. The statistical analysis of the results obtained during the quantification phase confirms the sufficient accuracy and precision of this method, regarding quality and stability control in the pharmacological field.
Synthesis, characterisation, biological and theoretical studies of novel pyridine derivatives
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
P. S. Pradeep Kumar, K. Sunil, B. S. Chethan, N. K. Lokanath, N. Madan, A. M. Sajith
The presence of heterocyclic frameworks in many medicinally relevant molecules of biological importance, material science, agrochemicals, etc. highlights its significance [1–5]. Among the various (hetero) aromatic architectures, pyrazolone core displays a wide range of applications in diverse fields. Consequently, the synthesis of diversely functionalised molecules containing a pyrazolone core is of immense potential for various applications [6,7]. Pyrazolone derivatives have been reported to display a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-tubercular, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anticancer, anti-viral, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, neuroprotective, cholecystokinin-1 receptor antagonist, and oestrogen receptor (ER) ligand activity, etc [8–12]. Additionally, the presence of this pyrazolone pharmacophore moiety in many FDA approved drugs, highlights its significance in the area of medicinal chemistry (Figure 1). Many pyrazolone derivatives are found in their application as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as anti-pyrine or phenazone (analgesic and antipyretic), metamizole or dipyrone (analgesic and antipyretic), aminopyrine or aminophenazone (anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic), phenylbutazone (anti-inflammatory, antipyretic mainly used in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, Reiter's disease), sulfinpyrazone (chronic gout), and oxyphenbutazone (antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, mild uricosuric) [12,13]. Many of the heterocyclic compounds and Schiff base derivatives are synthesised by our group and are showing good biological activity [14–19]. Considering the biological relevance of these and pharmaceutically relevant core, our research programme aimed at synthesising novel pyrazolone based analogues, we were interested in synthesising some piperdine fused pyrazolone analogues as potential antibacterial agents. Accordingly, we initiated our synthesis starting from tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one which was treated with (tert-Butoxy carbonyl) hydrazine at room temperature in methanol to furnish the tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4ylidene-1,1-dimethylethylester in excellent yields. The structure of this biologically important intermediate was confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, and mass analysis. Further, computational studies were employed to get further insights into the molecular properties of the compounds. The biologically important pharmacophore was then used as the starting point for performing late stage diversification. In this paper, we report the use of acid chlorides on this piperdine fused pyrazolone scaffold to access the respective amide analogues in good yields. The synthesised analogues were further explored for their antimicrobial potential against two gram positive bacterial strains namely S. aureus, and M. luteus, and a gram negative bacterial strain namely E.coli.