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Pollution
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance and Sustainability, 2019
Amines are organic compounds that contain nitrogen and are basic. Three widely used amine compounds include methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine, and are prepared by the reaction of ammonia with methanol in the presence of a silicoaluminate catalyst (McMurry 2009). Amines are used in the manufacturing of dyes, plant growth regulators, resins, as a precursor in the manufacturing of tires, pharmaceuticals (ephedrine), pesticides, and surfactants (ATSDR 2019i). Trimethylamine also forms naturally from decomposing plant and animal matter (USEPA 2019i). Amines are often gas at room temperature and pressure and are very soluble in water (USEPA 2019i).
Biofuel production of neem wood bark (Azadirachta indica) through flash pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor and its chromatographic characterization
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
C. Sowmya Dhanalakshmi, P. Madhu
The compounds present in the bio-oil were known by comparing the chromatogram obtained with standard chromatogram data available in the library. From GC-MS analysis it has been observed that the bio-oil product contains the mixture of various compounds such as phenolics and other aromatic compounds. Cellulose and hemicelluloses of the biomass material are the sources of these aromatic and oxygenated compounds. Different types of compounds such as phenols, alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, and esters were identified. Phenol, trimethylamine, 2-methylphenol, octadecanenitrile and stearic acid, methyl ester are identified with higher peak area the total area percentage of the phenol and its derivatives are 30. Phenols are used in the synthesis of antioxidant compounds. The main uses of phenol, consuming two-thirds of its production, involve its conversion to precursors for plastics. Octadecanenitrile is used as a chemical intermediate for fatty amines and derivatives. Trimethylamine is a colorless, flammable tertiary amine. At low concentrations, it has a strong fishy odor and has an ammonia-like odor at higher concentrations. It is used in the synthesis of choline, herbicides, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, resins, dye leveling agents and a number of basic dyes. Table 5 shows the various chemical compounds present in the bio-oil with its properties and uses.